im钱包下载中国|revelation

作者: im钱包下载中国
2024-03-13 03:35:25

REVELATION 1 NIV - Prologue - The revelation from Jesus - Bible Gateway

REVELATION 1 NIV - Prologue - The revelation from Jesus - Bible Gateway

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---Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)---

Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)

 

---العربية (AR)---

Arabic Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AR)

Ketab El Hayat (NAV)

 

---अवधी (AWA)---

Awadhi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AWA)

 

---Български (BG)---

1940 Bulgarian Bible (BG1940)

Bulgarian Bible (BULG)

Bulgarian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-BG)

Библия, нов превод от оригиналните езици (с неканоничните книги) (CBT)

Библия, синодално издание (BOB)

Библия, ревизирано издание (BPB)

 

---Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)---

Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)

 

---Cebuano (CEB)---

Ang Pulong Sa Dios (APSD-CEB)

 

---ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍ (CHR)---

Cherokee New Testament (CHR)

 

---كوردی سۆرانی (CKB)---

Kurdi Sorani Standard (KSS)

 

---Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)---

Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)

 

---Čeština (CS)---

Bible 21 (B21)

Slovo na cestu (SNC)

 

---Cymraeg (CY)---

Beibl William Morgan (BWM)

 

---Dansk (DA)---

Bibelen på hverdagsdansk (BPH)

Dette er Biblen på dansk (DN1933)

 

---Deutsch (DE)---

Hoffnung für Alle (HOF)

Luther Bibel 1545 (LUTH1545)

Neue Genfer Übersetzung (NGU-DE)

Schlachter 1951 (SCH1951)

Schlachter 2000 (SCH2000)

 

---English (EN)---

21st Century King James Version (KJ21)

American Standard Version (ASV)

Amplified Bible (AMP)

Amplified Bible, Classic Edition (AMPC)

BRG Bible (BRG)

Christian Standard Bible (CSB)

Common English Bible (CEB)

Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)

Contemporary English Version (CEV)

Darby Translation (DARBY)

Disciples’ Literal New Testament (DLNT)

Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition (DRA)

Easy-to-Read Version (ERV)

EasyEnglish Bible (EASY)

Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)

English Standard Version (ESV)

English Standard Version Anglicised (ESVUK)

Expanded Bible (EXB)

1599 Geneva Bible (GNV)

GOD’S WORD Translation (GW)

Good News Translation (GNT)

Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB)

International Children’s Bible (ICB)

International Standard Version (ISV)

J.B. Phillips New Testament (PHILLIPS)

Jubilee Bible 2000 (JUB)

King James Version (KJV)

Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)

Legacy Standard Bible (LSB)

Lexham English Bible (LEB)

Living Bible (TLB)

The Message (MSG)

Modern English Version (MEV)

Mounce Reverse Interlinear New Testament (MOUNCE)

Names of God Bible (NOG)

New American Bible (Revised Edition) (NABRE)

New American Standard Bible (NASB)

New American Standard Bible 1995 (NASB1995)

New Catholic Bible (NCB)

New Century Version (NCV)

New English Translation (NET)

New International Reader's Version (NIRV)

New International Version (NIV)

New International Version - UK (NIVUK)

New King James Version (NKJV)

New Life Version (NLV)

New Living Translation (NLT)

New Matthew Bible (NMB)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised (NRSVA)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised Catholic Edition (NRSVACE)

New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)

New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (NRSVUE)

New Testament for Everyone (NTFE)

Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB)

Revised Geneva Translation (RGT)

Revised Standard Version (RSV)

Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (RSVCE)

Tree of Life Version (TLV)

The Voice (VOICE)

World English Bible (WEB)

Worldwide English (New Testament) (WE)

Wycliffe Bible (WYC)

Young's Literal Translation (YLT)

 

---Español (ES)---

La Biblia de las Américas (LBLA)

Biblia del Jubileo (JBS)

Dios Habla Hoy (DHH)

Nueva Biblia de las Américas (NBLA)

Nueva Biblia Viva (NBV)

Nueva Traducción Viviente (NTV)

Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI)

Nueva Versión Internacional (Castilian) (CST)

Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT)

La Palabra (España) (BLP)

La Palabra (Hispanoamérica) (BLPH)

Reina Valera Actualizada (RVA-2015)

Reina Valera Contemporánea (RVC)

Reina-Valera 1960 (RVR1960)

Reina Valera Revisada (RVR1977)

Reina-Valera 1995 (RVR1995)

Reina-Valera Antigua (RVA)

Spanish Blue Red and Gold Letter Edition (SRV-BRG)

Traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA)

 

---Suomi (FI)---

Raamattu 1933/38 (R1933)

 

---Français (FR)---

La Bible du Semeur (BDS)

Louis Segond (LSG)

Nouvelle Edition de Genève – NEG1979 (NEG1979)

Segond 21 (SG21)

 

---Κοινη (GRC)---

1550 Stephanus New Testament (TR1550)

1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament (WHNU)

1894 Scrivener New Testament (TR1894)

SBL Greek New Testament (SBLGNT)

Tyndale House Greek New Testament (THGNT)

 

---ગુજરાતી (GU)---

Gujarati: પવિત્ર બાઈબલ (GERV)

 

---עברית (HE)---

Habrit Hakhadasha/Haderekh (HHH)

The Westminster Leningrad Codex (WLC)

 

---हिन्दी (HI)---

Hindi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HI)

Saral Hindi Bible (SHB)

 

---Ilonggo (HIL)---

Ang Pulong Sang Dios (HLGN)

 

---Chhattisgarhi (HNE)---

New Chhattisgarhi Translation (नवां नियम छत्तीसगढ़ी) (NCA)

 

---Hrvatski (HR)---

Biblija: suvremeni hrvatski prijevod (SHP)

Hrvatski Novi Zavjet – Rijeka 2001 (HNZ-RI)

Knijga O Kristu (CRO)

 

---Kreyòl ayisyen (HT)---

Haitian Creole Version (HCV)

Nouvo Testaman: Vèsyon Kreyòl Fasil (VKF)

 

---Magyar (HU)---

Hungarian Károli (KAR)

Hungarian Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HU)

Hungarian New Translation (NT-HU)

 

---Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWC)---

Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWP)

 

---Íslenska (IS)---

Icelandic Bible (ICELAND)

 

---Italiano (IT)---

La Bibbia della Gioia (BDG)

Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (CEI)

La Nuova Diodati (LND)

Nuova Riveduta 1994 (NR1994)

Nuova Riveduta 2006 (NR2006)

 

---日本語 (JA)---

Japanese Living Bible (JLB)

 

---Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)---

Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)

 

---Kekchi (KEK)---

Kekchi (KEK)

 

---한국어 (KO)---

Korean Living Bible (KLB)

 

---Latina (LA)---

Biblia Sacra Vulgata (VULGATE)

 

---Luganda (LG)---

Endagaano Enkadde nʼEndagaano Empya (LCB)

 

---Māori (MI)---

Maori Bible (MAORI)

 

---Македонски (MK)---

Macedonian New Testament (MNT)

 

---मराठी (MR)---

Marathi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-MR)

 

---Mam, Central (MVC)---

Mam, Central (MVC)

 

---Mam, Todos Santos (MVJ)---

Mam de Todos Santos Chuchumatán (MVJ)

 

---Plautdietsch (NDS)---

Reimer 2001 (REIMER)

 

---नेपाली (NE)---

Nepali Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-NE)

 

---Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)---

Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)

 

---Nederlands (NL)---

BasisBijbel (BB)

Het Boek (HTB)

 

---Norsk (NO)---

Det Norsk Bibelselskap 1930 (DNB1930)

En Levende Bok (LB)

 

---Chichewa (NY)---

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

 

---ଓଡ଼ିଆ (OR)---

Oriya Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-OR)

 

---ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (PA)---

Punjabi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-PA)

 

---Polski (PL)---

Nowe Przymierze (NP)

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

Updated Gdańsk Bible (UBG)

 

---Nawat (PPL)---

Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (NBTN)

 

---Português (PT)---

Almeida Revista e Corrigida 2009 (ARC)

Portuguese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (VFL)

Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)

Nova Versão Transformadora (NVT)

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

 

---Quichua (QU)---

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

 

---Quiché, Centro Occidenta (QUT)---

Quiché, Centro Occidental (QUT)

 

---Română (RO)---

Cornilescu 1924 - Revised 2010, 2014 (RMNN)

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

 

---Русский (RU)---

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

Russian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-RU)

Russian Synodal Version (RUSV)

 

---Slovenčina (SK)---

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

 

---Somali (SO)---

Somali Bible (SOM)

 

---Shqip (SQ)---

Albanian Bible (ALB)

 

---Српски (SR)---

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

Serbian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-SR)

 

---Svenska (SV)---

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Svenska 1917 (SV1917)

Svenska Folkbibeln (SFB)

Svenska Folkbibeln 2015 (SFB15)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

 

---Kiswahili (SW)---

Agano Jipya: Tafsiri ya Kusoma-Kwa-Urahisi (TKU)

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

 

---தமிழ் (TA)---

Tamil Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TA)

 

---ภาษาไทย (TH)---

New Thai Version (NTV-BIBLE)

Thai New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TH)

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

 

---Tagalog (TL)---

Ang Bagong Tipan: Filipino Standard Version (FSV)

Ang Biblia (1978) (ABTAG1978)

Ang Biblia, 2001 (ABTAG2001)

Ang Dating Biblia (1905) (ADB1905)

Ang Salita ng Dios (Tagalog Contemporary Bible) (ASND)

Ang Salita ng Diyos (SND)

Magandang Balita Biblia (MBBTAG)

Magandang Balita Biblia (with Deuterocanon) (MBBTAG-DC)

 

---Twi (TWI)---

Nkwa Asem (NA-TWI)

 

---Українська (UK)---

Ukrainian Bible (UKR)

Ukrainian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UK)

 

---اردو (UR)---

Urdu Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UR)

 

---Uspanteco (USP)---

Uspanteco (USP)

 

---Tiêng Viêt (VI)---

Bản Dịch 2011 (BD2011)

New Vietnamese Bible (NVB)

Vietnamese Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (BPT)

 

---Yorùbá (YO)---

Bíbélì Mímọ́ Yorùbá Òde Òn (BYO)

 

---汉语 (ZH)---

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified) (CCB)

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional) (CCBT)

Chinese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-ZH)

Chinese New Version (Simplified) (CNVS)

Chinese New Version (Traditional) (CNVT)

Chinese Standard Bible (Simplified) (CSBS)

Chinese Standard Bible (Traditional) (CSBT)

Chinese Union Version (Simplified) (CUVS)

Chinese Union Version (Traditional) (CUV)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Simplified) (CUVMPS)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Traditional) (CUVMPT)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Simplified Script) Shen Edition (RCU17SS)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Traditional Script) Shen Edition (RCU17TS)

New International Version (NIV)

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Listen to Revelation 1

Revelation 1

New International Version

—Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)—

Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)

 

—العربية (AR)—

Arabic Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AR)

Ketab El Hayat (NAV)

 

—अवधी (AWA)—

Awadhi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AWA)

 

—Български (BG)—

1940 Bulgarian Bible (BG1940)

Bulgarian Bible (BULG)

Bulgarian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-BG)

Библия, нов превод от оригиналните езици (с неканоничните книги) (CBT)

Библия, синодално издание (BOB)

Библия, ревизирано издание (BPB)

 

—Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)—

Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)

 

—Cebuano (CEB)—

Ang Pulong Sa Dios (APSD-CEB)

 

—ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍ (CHR)—

Cherokee New Testament (CHR)

 

—كوردی سۆرانی (CKB)—

Kurdi Sorani Standard (KSS)

 

—Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)—

Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)

 

—Čeština (CS)—

Bible 21 (B21)

Slovo na cestu (SNC)

 

—Cymraeg (CY)—

Beibl William Morgan (BWM)

 

—Dansk (DA)—

Bibelen på hverdagsdansk (BPH)

Dette er Biblen på dansk (DN1933)

 

—Deutsch (DE)—

Hoffnung für Alle (HOF)

Luther Bibel 1545 (LUTH1545)

Neue Genfer Übersetzung (NGU-DE)

Schlachter 1951 (SCH1951)

Schlachter 2000 (SCH2000)

 

—English (EN)—

21st Century King James Version (KJ21)

American Standard Version (ASV)

Amplified Bible (AMP)

Amplified Bible, Classic Edition (AMPC)

BRG Bible (BRG)

Christian Standard Bible (CSB)

Common English Bible (CEB)

Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)

Contemporary English Version (CEV)

Darby Translation (DARBY)

Disciples’ Literal New Testament (DLNT)

Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition (DRA)

Easy-to-Read Version (ERV)

EasyEnglish Bible (EASY)

Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)

English Standard Version (ESV)

English Standard Version Anglicised (ESVUK)

Expanded Bible (EXB)

1599 Geneva Bible (GNV)

GOD’S WORD Translation (GW)

Good News Translation (GNT)

Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB)

International Children’s Bible (ICB)

International Standard Version (ISV)

J.B. Phillips New Testament (PHILLIPS)

Jubilee Bible 2000 (JUB)

King James Version (KJV)

Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)

Legacy Standard Bible (LSB)

Lexham English Bible (LEB)

Living Bible (TLB)

The Message (MSG)

Modern English Version (MEV)

Mounce Reverse Interlinear New Testament (MOUNCE)

Names of God Bible (NOG)

New American Bible (Revised Edition) (NABRE)

New American Standard Bible (NASB)

New American Standard Bible 1995 (NASB1995)

New Catholic Bible (NCB)

New Century Version (NCV)

New English Translation (NET Bible)

New International Reader's Version (NIRV)

New International Version (NIV)

New International Version - UK (NIVUK)

New King James Version (NKJV)

New Life Version (NLV)

New Living Translation (NLT)

New Matthew Bible (NMB)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised (NRSVA)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised Catholic Edition (NRSVACE)

New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)

New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (NRSVUE)

New Testament for Everyone (NTFE)

Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB)

Revised Geneva Translation (RGT)

Revised Standard Version (RSV)

Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (RSVCE)

Tree of Life Version (TLV)

The Voice (VOICE)

World English Bible (WEB)

Worldwide English (New Testament) (WE)

Wycliffe Bible (WYC)

Young's Literal Translation (YLT)

 

—Español (ES)—

La Biblia de las Américas (LBLA)

Biblia del Jubileo (JBS)

Dios Habla Hoy (DHH)

Nueva Biblia de las Américas (NBLA)

Nueva Biblia Viva (NBV)

Nueva Traducción Viviente (NTV)

Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI)

Nueva Versión Internacional (Castilian) (CST)

Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT)

La Palabra (España) (BLP)

La Palabra (Hispanoamérica) (BLPH)

Reina Valera Actualizada (RVA-2015)

Reina Valera Contemporánea (RVC)

Reina-Valera 1960 (RVR1960)

Reina Valera Revisada (RVR1977)

Reina-Valera 1995 (RVR1995)

Reina-Valera Antigua (RVA)

Spanish Blue Red and Gold Letter Edition (SRV-BRG)

Traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA)

 

—Suomi (FI)—

Raamattu 1933/38 (R1933)

 

—Français (FR)—

La Bible du Semeur (BDS)

Louis Segond (LSG)

Nouvelle Edition de Genève – NEG1979 (NEG1979)

Segond 21 (SG21)

 

—Κοινη (GRC)—

1550 Stephanus New Testament (TR1550)

1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament (WHNU)

1894 Scrivener New Testament (TR1894)

SBL Greek New Testament (SBLGNT)

Tyndale House Greek New Testament (THGNT)

 

—ગુજરાતી (GU)—

Gujarati: પવિત્ર બાઈબલ (GERV)

 

—עברית (HE)—

Habrit Hakhadasha/Haderekh (HHH)

The Westminster Leningrad Codex (WLC)

 

—हिन्दी (HI)—

Hindi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HI)

Saral Hindi Bible (SHB)

 

—Ilonggo (HIL)—

Ang Pulong Sang Dios (HLGN)

 

—Chhattisgarhi (HNE)—

New Chhattisgarhi Translation (नवां नियम छत्तीसगढ़ी) (NCA)

 

—Hrvatski (HR)—

Biblija: suvremeni hrvatski prijevod (SHP)

Hrvatski Novi Zavjet – Rijeka 2001 (HNZ-RI)

Knijga O Kristu (CRO)

 

—Kreyòl ayisyen (HT)—

Haitian Creole Version (HCV)

Nouvo Testaman: Vèsyon Kreyòl Fasil (VKF)

 

—Magyar (HU)—

Hungarian Károli (KAR)

Hungarian Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HU)

Hungarian New Translation (NT-HU)

 

—Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWC)—

Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWP)

 

—Íslenska (IS)—

Icelandic Bible (ICELAND)

 

—Italiano (IT)—

La Bibbia della Gioia (BDG)

Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (CEI)

La Nuova Diodati (LND)

Nuova Riveduta 1994 (NR1994)

Nuova Riveduta 2006 (NR2006)

 

—日本語 (JA)—

Japanese Living Bible (JLB)

 

—Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)—

Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)

 

—Kekchi (KEK)—

Kekchi (KEK)

 

—한국어 (KO)—

Korean Living Bible (KLB)

 

—Latina (LA)—

Biblia Sacra Vulgata (VULGATE)

 

—Luganda (LG)—

Endagaano Enkadde nʼEndagaano Empya (LCB)

 

—Māori (MI)—

Maori Bible (MAORI)

 

—Македонски (MK)—

Macedonian New Testament (MNT)

 

—मराठी (MR)—

Marathi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-MR)

 

—Mam, Central (MVC)—

Mam, Central (MVC)

 

—Mam, Todos Santos (MVJ)—

Mam de Todos Santos Chuchumatán (MVJ)

 

—Plautdietsch (NDS)—

Reimer 2001 (REIMER)

 

—नेपाली (NE)—

Nepali Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-NE)

 

—Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)—

Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)

 

—Nederlands (NL)—

BasisBijbel (BB)

Het Boek (HTB)

 

—Norsk (NO)—

Det Norsk Bibelselskap 1930 (DNB1930)

En Levende Bok (LB)

 

—Chichewa (NY)—

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

 

—ଓଡ଼ିଆ (OR)—

Oriya Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-OR)

 

—ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (PA)—

Punjabi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-PA)

 

—Polski (PL)—

Nowe Przymierze (NP)

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

Updated Gdańsk Bible (UBG)

 

—Nawat (PPL)—

Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (NBTN)

 

—Português (PT)—

Almeida Revista e Corrigida 2009 (ARC)

Portuguese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (VFL)

Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)

Nova Versão Transformadora (NVT)

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

 

—Quichua (QU)—

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

 

—Quiché, Centro Occidenta (QUT)—

Quiché, Centro Occidental (QUT)

 

—Română (RO)—

Cornilescu 1924 - Revised 2010, 2014 (RMNN)

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

 

—Русский (RU)—

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

Russian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-RU)

Russian Synodal Version (RUSV)

 

—Slovenčina (SK)—

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

 

—Somali (SO)—

Somali Bible (SOM)

 

—Shqip (SQ)—

Albanian Bible (ALB)

 

—Српски (SR)—

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

Serbian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-SR)

 

—Svenska (SV)—

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Svenska 1917 (SV1917)

Svenska Folkbibeln (SFB)

Svenska Folkbibeln 2015 (SFB15)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

 

—Kiswahili (SW)—

Agano Jipya: Tafsiri ya Kusoma-Kwa-Urahisi (TKU)

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

 

—தமிழ் (TA)—

Tamil Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TA)

 

—ภาษาไทย (TH)—

New Thai Version (NTV-BIBLE)

Thai New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TH)

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

 

—Tagalog (TL)—

Ang Bagong Tipan: Filipino Standard Version (FSV)

Ang Biblia (1978) (ABTAG1978)

Ang Biblia, 2001 (ABTAG2001)

Ang Dating Biblia (1905) (ADB1905)

Ang Salita ng Diyos (SND)

Ang Salita ng Dios (Tagalog Contemporary Bible) (ASND)

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Update

Prologue1 The revelation from Jesus Christ, which God gave(A) him to show his servants what must soon take place.(B) He made it known by sending his angel(C) to his servant John,(D) 2 who testifies to everything he saw—that is, the word of God(E) and the testimony of Jesus Christ.(F) 3 Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear it and take to heart what is written in it,(G) because the time is near.(H) Greetings and Doxology4 John,To the seven churches(I) in the province of Asia:Grace and peace to you(J) from him who is, and who was, and who is to come,(K) and from the seven spirits[a](L) before his throne, 5 and from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness,(M) the firstborn from the dead,(N) and the ruler of the kings of the earth.(O)To him who loves us(P) and has freed us from our sins by his blood,(Q) 6 and has made us to be a kingdom and priests(R) to serve his God and Father(S)—to him be glory and power for ever and ever! Amen.(T) 7 “Look, he is coming with the clouds,”[b](U)    and “every eye will see him,even those who pierced him”;(V)    and all peoples on earth “will mourn(W) because of him.”[c]So shall it be! Amen. 8 “I am the Alpha and the Omega,”(X) says the Lord God, “who is, and who was, and who is to come,(Y) the Almighty.”(Z) John’s Vision of Christ9 I, John,(AA) your brother and companion in the suffering(AB) and kingdom(AC) and patient endurance(AD) that are ours in Jesus, was on the island of Patmos because of the word of God(AE) and the testimony of Jesus.(AF) 10 On the Lord’s Day(AG) I was in the Spirit,(AH) and I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet,(AI) 11 which said: “Write on a scroll what you see(AJ) and send it to the seven churches:(AK) to Ephesus,(AL) Smyrna,(AM) Pergamum,(AN) Thyatira,(AO) Sardis,(AP) Philadelphia(AQ) and Laodicea.”(AR) 12 I turned around to see the voice that was speaking to me. And when I turned I saw seven golden lampstands,(AS) 13 and among the lampstands(AT) was someone like a son of man,[d](AU) dressed in a robe reaching down to his feet(AV) and with a golden sash around his chest.(AW) 14 The hair on his head was white like wool, as white as snow, and his eyes were like blazing fire.(AX) 15 His feet were like bronze glowing in a furnace,(AY) and his voice was like the sound of rushing waters.(AZ) 16 In his right hand he held seven stars,(BA) and coming out of his mouth was a sharp, double-edged sword.(BB) His face was like the sun(BC) shining in all its brilliance. 17 When I saw him, I fell at his feet(BD) as though dead. Then he placed his right hand on me(BE) and said: “Do not be afraid.(BF) I am the First and the Last.(BG) 18 I am the Living One; I was dead,(BH) and now look, I am alive for ever and ever!(BI) And I hold the keys of death and Hades.(BJ) 19 “Write, therefore, what you have seen,(BK) what is now and what will take place later. 20 The mystery of the seven stars that you saw in my right hand(BL) and of the seven golden lampstands(BM) is this: The seven stars are the angels[e] of the seven churches,(BN) and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.(BO)

FootnotesRevelation 1:4 That is, the sevenfold Spirit

Revelation 1:7 Daniel 7:13

Revelation 1:7 Zech. 12:10

Revelation 1:13 See Daniel 7:13.

Revelation 1:20 Or messengers

Cross referencesRevelation 1:1 : Jn 12:49; 17:8

Revelation 1:1 : ver 19; Da 2:28, 29; Rev 22:6

Revelation 1:1 : Rev 22:16

Revelation 1:1 : ver 4, 9; Rev 22:8

Revelation 1:2 : ver 9; S Heb 4:12

Revelation 1:2 : ver 9; 1Co 1:6; Rev 6:9; 12:17; 19:10

Revelation 1:3 : Lk 11:28; Rev 22:7

Revelation 1:3 : S Ro 13:11

Revelation 1:4 : ver 11, 20

Revelation 1:4 : S Ro 1:7

Revelation 1:4 : ver 8; Rev 4:8; 11:17; 16:5

Revelation 1:4 : Isa 11:2; Rev 3:1; 4:5; 5:6

Revelation 1:5 : Isa 55:4; Jn 18:37; Rev 3:14

Revelation 1:5 : Ps 89:27; Col 1:18

Revelation 1:5 : S 1Ti 6:15

Revelation 1:5 : S Ro 8:37

Revelation 1:5 : S Ro 3:25

Revelation 1:6 : S 1Pe 2:5; Rev 5:10; 20:6

Revelation 1:6 : Ro 15:6

Revelation 1:6 : S Ro 11:36

Revelation 1:7 : Da 7:13; S Mt 16:27; 24:30; 26:64; S Lk 17:30; S 1Co 1:7; S 1Th 2:19; 4:16, 17

Revelation 1:7 : Jn 19:34, 37

Revelation 1:7 : Zec 12:10; Mt 24:30

Revelation 1:8 : S ver 17; Rev 21:6; 22:13

Revelation 1:8 : S ver 4

Revelation 1:8 : Rev 4:8; 15:3; 19:6

Revelation 1:9 : ver 1

Revelation 1:9 : S Ac 14:22; 2Co 1:7; Php 4:14

Revelation 1:9 : ver 6

Revelation 1:9 : 2Ti 2:12

Revelation 1:9 : ver 2; S Heb 4:12

Revelation 1:9 : S ver 2

Revelation 1:10 : Ac 20:7

Revelation 1:10 : Rev 4:2; 17:3; 21:10

Revelation 1:10 : Ex 20:18; Rev 4:1

Revelation 1:11 : ver 19

Revelation 1:11 : ver 4, 20

Revelation 1:11 : S Ac 18:19

Revelation 1:11 : Rev 2:8

Revelation 1:11 : Rev 2:12

Revelation 1:11 : Ac 16:14; Rev 2:18, 24

Revelation 1:11 : Rev 3:1

Revelation 1:11 : Rev 3:7

Revelation 1:11 : S Col 2:1; Rev 3:14

Revelation 1:12 : ver 20; Ex 25:31-40; Zec 4:2; Rev 2:1

Revelation 1:13 : Rev 2:1

Revelation 1:13 : Eze 1:26; Da 7:13; 10:16; Rev 14:14

Revelation 1:13 : Isa 6:1

Revelation 1:13 : Da 10:5; Rev 15:6

Revelation 1:14 : Da 7:9; 10:6; Rev 2:18; 19:12

Revelation 1:15 : Eze 1:7; Da 10:6; Rev 2:18

Revelation 1:15 : Eze 43:2; Rev 14:2; 19:6

Revelation 1:16 : ver 20; Rev 2:1; 3:1

Revelation 1:16 : Isa 1:20; 49:2; Heb 4:12; Rev 2:12, 16; 19:15, 21

Revelation 1:16 : Jdg 5:31; Mt 17:2

Revelation 1:17 : Eze 1:28; Da 8:17, 18

Revelation 1:17 : Da 8:18

Revelation 1:17 : S Mt 14:27

Revelation 1:17 : Isa 41:4; 44:6; 48:12; Rev 2:8; 22:13

Revelation 1:18 : Ro 6:9; Rev 2:8

Revelation 1:18 : Dt 32:40; Da 4:34; 12:7; Rev 4:9, 10; 10:6; 15:7

Revelation 1:18 : Rev 9:1; 20:1

Revelation 1:19 : ver 11; Hab 2:2

Revelation 1:20 : S ver 16

Revelation 1:20 : S ver 12

Revelation 1:20 : ver 4, 11

Revelation 1:20 : Mt 5:14, 15

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Revelation: The Book of Revelation (The Apocalypse of John)

lation: The Book of Revelation (The Apocalypse of John)Bible > Revelation Revelation Revelation 1Prologue(Daniel 12:1–13)1This is the revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave Him to show His servants what must soona come to pass. He made it known by sending His angel to His servant John,

2who testifies to everything he saw. This is the word of God and the testimony of Jesus Christ.

3Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear and obey what is written in it, because the time is near.

John Greets the Seven Churches4John, To the seven churches in the province of Asia:b Grace and peace to you from Him who is and was and is to come, and from the seven Spiritsc before His throne,

5and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead, and the ruler of the kings of the earth. To Him who loves us and has released us from our sins by His blood,

6who has made us to be a kingdom, priests to His God and Father—to Him be the glory and power forever and ever! Amen.

7Behold, He is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see Him—even those who pierced Him. And all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of Him. So shall it be! Amen.

8“I am the Alpha and the Omega,d” says the Lord God, who is and was and is to come—the Almighty.

John’s Vision on Patmos9I, John, your brother and partner in the tribulation and kingdom and perseverance that are in Jesus, was on the island of Patmos because of the word of God and my testimony about Jesus.

10On the Lord’s day I was in the Spirit, and I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet,

11saying,e “Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.”

12Then I turned to see the voice that was speaking with me. And having turned, I saw seven golden lampstands,

13and among the lampstands was One like the Son of Man,f dressed in a long robe, with a golden sash around His chest.

14The hair of His head was white like wool, as white as snow, and His eyes were like a blazing fire.

15His feet were like polished bronze refined in a furnace, and His voice was like the roar of many waters.

16He held in His right hand seven stars, and a sharp double-edged sword came from His mouth. His face was like the sun shining at its brightest.

17When I saw Him, I fell at His feet like a dead man. But He placed His right hand on me and said, “Do not be afraid. I am the First and the Last,

18the Living One. I was dead, and behold, now I am alive forever and ever! And I hold the keys of Death and of Hades.

19Therefore write down the things you have seen, and the things that are, and the things that will happen after this.

20This is the mystery of the seven stars you saw in My right hand and of the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.Footnotes:1 a Or suddenly  or quickly 4 b Literally in Asia ; Asia was a Roman province in what is now western Turkey. 4 c Or the sevenfold Spirit 8 d TR the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End 11 e TR saying, “I am Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last,” and, 13 f Or one like a son of man ; see Daniel 7:13.

Revelation 2 Revelation 2To the Church in Ephesus(Acts 19:8–12; Ephesians 1:1–2)1“To the angel of the church in Ephesus write: These are the words of Him who holds the seven stars in His right hand and walks among the seven golden lampstands.

2I know your deeds, your labor, and your perseverance. I know that you cannot tolerate those who are evil, and you have tested and exposed as liars those who falsely claim to be apostles.

3Without growing weary, you have persevered and endured many things for the sake of My name.

4But I have this against you: You have abandoned your first love.

5Therefore, keep in mind how far you have fallen. Repent and perform the deeds you did at first. But if you do not repent, I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place.

6But you have this to your credit: You hate the works of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.

7He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who overcomes, I will grant the right to eat from the tree of life in the Paradise of God.

To the Church in Smyrna8To the angel of the church in Smyrna write: These are the words of the First and the Last, who died and returned to life.

9I know your affliction and your poverty—though you are rich! And I am aware of the slander of those who falsely claim to be Jews, but are in fact a synagogue of Satan.

10Do not fear what you are about to suffer. Look, the devil is about to throw some of you into prison to test you, and you will suffer tribulation for ten days. Be faithful even unto death, and I will give you the crown of life.

11He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. The one who overcomes will not be harmed by the second death.

To the Church in Pergamum12To the angel of the church in Pergamum write: These are the words of the One who holds the sharp, double-edged sword.

13I know where you live, where the throne of Satan sits. Yet you have held fast to My name and have not denied your faith in Me, even in the day when My faithful witness Antipas was killed among you, where Satan dwells.

14But I have a few things against you, because some of you hold to the teaching of Balaam, who taught Balak to place a stumbling block before the Israelites so they would eat food sacrificed to idols and commit sexual immorality.

15In the same way, some of you also hold to the teaching of the Nicolaitans.

16Therefore repent! Otherwise I will come to you shortly and wage war against them with the sword of My mouth.

17He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who overcomes, I will give the hidden manna. I will also give him a white stone inscribed with a new name, known only to the one who receives it.

To the Church in Thyatira(Acts 16:11–15)18To the angel of the church in Thyatira write: These are the words of the Son of God, whose eyes are like a blazing fire and whose feet are like polished bronze.

19I know your deeds—your love, your faith, your service, your perseverance—and your latter deeds are greater than your first.

20But I have this against you: You tolerate that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess. By her teaching she misleads My servants to be sexually immoral and to eat food sacrificed to idols.

21Even though I have given her time to repent of her immorality, she is unwilling.

22Behold, I will cast her onto a bed of sickness, and those who commit adultery with her will suffer great tribulation unless they repent of her deeds.

23Then I will strike her children dead, and all the churches will know that I am the One who searches minds and hearts, and I will repay each of you according to your deeds.

24But I say to the rest of you in Thyatira, who do not hold to her teaching and have not learned the so-called deep things of Satan: I will place no further burden upon you.

25Nevertheless, hold fast to what you have until I come.

26And to the one who overcomes and continues in My work until the end, I will give authority over the nations.

27He will rule them with an iron scepter and shatter them like potterya —just as I have received authority from My Father.

28And I will give him the morning star.

29He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.Footnotes:27 a Psalm 2:9 (see also LXX)

Revelation 3 Revelation 3To the Church in Sardis1“To the angel of the church in Sardis write: These are the words of the One who holds the seven Spiritsa of God and the seven stars. I know your deeds; you have a reputation for being alive, yet you are dead.

2Wake up and strengthen what remains, which was about to die; for I have found your deeds incomplete in the sight of My God.

3Remember, then, what you have received and heard. Keep it and repent. If you do not wake up, I will come like a thief, and you will not know the hour when I will come upon you.

4But you do have a few people in Sardis who have not soiled their garments, and because they are worthy, they will walk with Me in white.

5Like them, he who overcomes will be dressed in white. And I will never blot outb his name from the Book of Life, but I will confess his name before My Father and His angels.

6He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.

To the Church in Philadelphia7To the angel of the church in Philadelphia write: These are the words of the One who is holy and true, who holds the key of David. What He opens no one can shut, and what He shuts no one can open.c

8I know your deeds. See, I have placed before you an open door, which no one can shut. For you have only a little strength, yet you have kept My word and have not denied My name.

9Look at those who belong to the synagogue of Satan, who claim to be Jews but are liars instead. I will make them come and bow down at your feet, and they will know that I love you.

10Because you have kept My command to persevere, I will also keep you from the hour of testing that is about to come upon the whole world, to test those who dwell on the earth.

11I am coming soon.d Hold fast to what you have, so that no one will take your crown.

12The one who overcomes I will make a pillar in the temple of My God, and he will never again leave it. Upon him I will write the name of My God, and the name of the city of My God (the new Jerusalem that comes down out of heaven from My God), and My new name.

13He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.

To the Church in Laodicea(Colossians 2:1–5)14To the angel of the church in Laodicea write: These are the words of the Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Originatore of God’s creation.

15I know your deeds; you are neither cold nor hot. How I wish you were one or the other!

16So because you are lukewarm—neither hot nor cold—I am about to vomit you out of My mouth!

17You say, ‘I am rich; I have grown wealthy and need nothing.’ But you do not realize that you are wretched, pitiful, poor, blind, and naked.

18I counsel you to buy from Me gold refined by fire so that you may become rich, white garments so that you may be clothed and your shameful nakedness not exposed, and salve to anoint your eyes so that you may see.

19Those I love, I rebuke and discipline. Therefore be earnest and repent.

20Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears My voice and opens the door, I will come in and dine with him, and he with Me.

21To the one who overcomes, I will grant the right to sit with Me on My throne, just as I overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne.

22He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.”1 a Or the sevenfold Spirit 5 b Or scrape off 7 c See Isaiah 22:22.11 d Or suddenly  or quickly 14 e Or Beginning  or Ruler 

Revelation 4 Revelation 4The Throne in Heaven1After this I looked and saw a door standing open in heaven. And the voice I had previously heard speak to me like a trumpet was saying, “Come up here, and I will show you what must happen after these things.”

2At once I was in the Spirit, and I saw a throne standing in heaven, with someone seated on it.

3The One seated there looked like jasper and carnelian, and a rainbow that gleamed like an emerald encircled the throne.

4Surrounding the throne were twenty-four other thrones, and on these thrones sat twenty-four elders dressed in white, with golden crowns on their heads.

Worship of the Creator5From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings, and peals of thunder. Before the throne burned seven torches of fire. These are the seven Spiritsa of God.

6And before the throne was something like a sea of glass, as clear as crystal. In the center, around the throne, were four living creatures, covered with eyes in front and back.

7The first living creature was like a lion, the second like a calf, the third had a face like a man, and the fourth was like an eagle in flight.

8And each of the four living creatures had six wings and was covered with eyes all around and within. Day and night they never stop saying: “Holy, Holy, Holy, is the Lord God Almighty, who was and is and is to come!”

9And whenever the living creatures give glory, honor, and thanks to the One seated on the throne who lives forever and ever,

10the twenty-four elders fall down before the One seated on the throne, and they worship Him who lives forever and ever. They cast their crowns before the throne, saying:

11“Worthy are You, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, for You created all things; by Your will they exist and came to be.”5 a Or This is the sevenfold Spirit 

Revelation 5 Revelation 5The Lamb Takes the Scroll1Then I saw a scroll in the right hand of the One seated on the throne. It had writing on both sides and was sealed with seven seals.

2And I saw a mighty angel proclaiming in a loud voice, “Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?”

3But no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth was able to open the scroll or look inside it.

4And I began to weep bitterly, because no one was found worthy to open the scroll or look inside it.

5Then one of the elders said to me, “Do not weep! Behold, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has triumphed to open the scroll and its seven seals.”

6Then I saw a Lamb who appeared to have been slain, standing in the center of the throne, encircled by the four living creatures and the elders. The Lamb had seven horns and seven eyes, which represent the seven Spiritsa of God sent out into all the earth.

7And He came and took the scroll from the right hand of the One seated on the throne.

8When He had taken the scroll, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb. Each one had a harp, and they were holding golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints.

9And they sang a new song: “Worthy are You to take the scroll and open its seals, because You were slain, and by Your blood You purchased for God those from every tribe and tongue and people and nation.

10You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to serve our God, and they will reign uponb the earth.”

The Lamb Exalted11Then I looked, and I heard the voices of many angels and living creatures and elders encircling the throne, and their number was myriads of myriads and thousands of thousands.

12In a loud voice they were saying: “Worthy is the Lamb, who was slain, to receive power and riches and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and blessing!”

13And I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and in the sea, and all that is in them, saying: “To Him who sits on the throne and to the Lamb be praise and honor and glory and power forever and ever!”

14And the four living creatures said, “Amen,” and the elders fell down and worshiped.c Footnotes:6 a Or the sevenfold Spirit 10 b Or they will reign over ; WH they reign upon 14 c TR includes Him who lives for ever and ever .

Revelation 6 Revelation 6The First Seal: The White Horse1Then I watched as the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures say in a thunderous voice, “Come!”

2So I looked and saw a white horse, and its rider held a bow. And he was given a crown, and he rode out to overcome and conquer.

The Second Seal: War3And when the Lamb opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, “Come!”

4Then another horse went forth. It was bright red, and its rider was granted permission to take away peace from the earth and to make men slay one another. And he was given a great sword.

The Third Seal: Famine5And when the Lamb opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, “Come!” Then I looked and saw a black horse, and its rider held in his hand a pair of scales.

6And I heard what sounded like a voice from among the four living creatures, saying, “A quart of wheat for a denarius,a and three quarts of barley for a denarius, and do not harm the oil and wine.”

The Fourth Seal: Death7And when the Lamb opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature say, “Come!”

8Then I looked and saw a pale green horse. Its rider’s name was Death, and Hades followed close behind. And they were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill by sword, by famine, by plague, and by the beasts of the earth.

The Fifth Seal: The Martyrs9And when the Lamb opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the testimony they had upheld.

10And they cried out in a loud voice, “How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You avenge our blood and judge those who dwell upon the earth?”

11Then each of them was given a white robe and told to rest a little while longer, until the full number of their fellow servants, their brothers, were killed, just as they had been killed.

The Sixth Seal: Terror12And when I saw the Lamb open the sixth seal, there was a great earthquake, and the sun became black like sackcloth of goat hair, and the whole moon turned blood red,

13and the stars of the sky fell to the earth like unripe figs dropping from a tree shaken by a great wind.

14The sky receded like a scroll being rolled up, and every mountain and island was moved from its place.

15Then the kings of the earth, the nobles, the commanders, the rich, the mighty, and every slave and free man hid in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains.

16And they said to the mountains and the rocks, “Fall on us and hide usb from the face of the One seated on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb.

17For the great day of Theirc wrath has come, and who is able to withstand it?”Footnotes:6 a Greek A choenix of wheat for a denarius.  A choenix was a Greek dry measure equivalent to 1.92 pints or 0.91 liters. A denarius was customarily a day’s wage for a laborer; see Matthew 20:2.16 b See Hosea 10:8.17 c BYZ and TR His 

Revelation 7 Revelation 7144,000 Sealed1After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding back its four winds so that no wind would blow on land or sea or on any tree.

2And I saw another angel ascending from the east, with the seal of the living God. And he called out in a loud voice to the four angels who had been given power to harm the land and the sea:

3“Do not harm the land or sea or trees until we have sealed the foreheads of the servants of our God.”

4And I heard the number of those who were sealed, 144,000 from all the tribes of Israel:

5From the tribe of Judah 12,000 were sealed, from the tribe of Reuben 12,000, from the tribe of Gad 12,000,

6from the tribe of Asher 12,000, from the tribe of Naphtali 12,000, from the tribe of Manasseh 12,000,

7from the tribe of Simeon 12,000, from the tribe of Levi 12,000, from the tribe of Issachar 12,000,

8from the tribe of Zebulun 12,000, from the tribe of Joseph 12,000, and from the tribe of Benjamin 12,000.

Praise from the Great Multitude9After this I looked and saw a multitude too large to count, from every nation and tribe and people and tongue, standing before the throne and before the Lamb. They were wearing white robes and holding palm branches in their hands.

10And they cried out in a loud voice: “Salvation to our God, who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb!”

11And all the angels stood around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures. And they fell facedown before the throne and worshiped God,

12saying, “Amen! Blessing and glory and wisdom and thanks and honor and power and strength be to our God forever and ever! Amen.”

13Then one of the elders addressed me: “These in white robes,” he asked, “who are they, and where have they come from?”

14“Sir,” I answered, “you know.” So he replied, “These are the ones who have come out of the great tribulation; they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.

15For this reason, they are before the throne of God and serve Him day and night in His temple; and the One seated on the throne will spread His tabernacle over them.

16‘Never again will they hunger, and never will they thirst; nor will the sun beat down upon them, nor any scorching heat.’a

17For the Lamb in the center of the throne will be their shepherd.b ‘He will lead them to springs of living water,’c and ‘God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.’d”Footnotes:16 a Isaiah 49:1017 b See Psalm 23:1.17 c Isaiah 49:1017 d Isaiah 25:8

Revelation 8 Revelation 8The Seventh Seal1When the Lamb opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven for about half an hour.

2And I saw the seven angels who stand before God, and they were given seven trumpets.

3Then another angel, who had a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense to offer, along with the prayers of all the saints, on the golden altar before the throne.

4And the smoke of the incense, together with the prayers of the saints, rose up before God from the hand of the angel.

5Then the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar, and hurled it to the earth; and there were peals of thunder, and rumblings, and flashes of lightning, and an earthquake.

The First Four Trumpets6And the seven angels with the seven trumpets prepared to sound them.

7Then the first angel sounded his trumpet, and hail and fire mixed with blood were hurled down upon the earth. A third of the earth was burned up, along with a third of the trees and all the green grass.

8Then the second angel sounded his trumpet, and something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown into the sea. A third of the sea turned to blood,

9a third of the living creatures in the sea died, and a third of the ships were destroyed.

10Then the third angel sounded his trumpet, and a great star burning like a torch fell from heaven and landed on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water.

11The name of the star is Wormwood. A third of the waters turned bitter like wormwood oil,a and many people died from the bitter waters.

12Then the fourth angel sounded his trumpet, and a third of the sun and moon and stars were struck. A third of the stars were darkened, a third of the day was without light, and a third of the night as well.

13And as I observed, I heard an eagle flying overhead, calling in a loud voice, “Woe! Woe! Woe to those who dwell on the earth, because of the trumpet blasts about to be sounded by the remaining three angels!”11 a Literally became wormwood 

Revelation 9 Revelation 9The Fifth Trumpet1Then the fifth angel sounded his trumpet, and I saw a star that had fallen from heaven to earth, and it was given the key to the pit of the Abyss.

2The star opened the pit of the Abyss, and smoke rose out of it like the smoke of a great furnace, and the sun and the air were darkened by the smoke from the pit.

3And out of the smoke, locusts descended on the earth, and they were given power like that of the scorpions of the earth.

4They were told not to harm the grass of the earth or any plant or tree, but only those who did not have the seal of God on their foreheads.

5The locusts were not given power to kill them, but only to torment them for five months, and their torment was like the stinging of a scorpion.

6In those days men will seek death and will not find it; they will long to die, but death will escape them.

7And the locusts looked like horses prepared for battle, with something like crowns of gold on their heads, and faces like the faces of men.

8They had hair like that of women, and teeth like those of lions.

9They also had thoraxes like breastplates of iron, and the sound of their wings was like the roar of many horses and chariots rushing into battle.

10They had tails with stingers like scorpions, which had the power to injure people for five months.

11They were ruled by a king, the angel of the Abyss. His name in Hebrew is Abaddon,a and in Greek it is Apollyon.b

12The first woe has passed. Behold, two woes are still to follow.

The Sixth Trumpet13Then the sixth angel sounded his trumpet, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden altar before God

14saying to the sixth angel with the trumpet, “Release the four angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates.”

15So the four angels who had been prepared for this hour and day and month and year were released to kill a third of mankind.

16And the number of mounted troops was two hundred million; I heard their number.

17Now the horses and riders in my vision looked like this: The riders had breastplates the colors of fire, sapphire, and sulfur. The heads of the horses were like the heads of lions, and out of their mouths proceeded fire, smoke, and sulfur.

18A third of mankind was killed by the three plagues of fire, smoke, and sulfur that proceeded from their mouths.

19For the power of the horses was in their mouths and in their tails; indeed, their tails were like snakes, having heads with which to inflict harm.

20Now the rest of mankind who were not killed by these plagues still did not repent of the works of their hands. They did not stop worshiping demons and idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone, and wood, which cannot see or hear or walk.

21Furthermore, they did not repent of their murder, sorcery, sexual immorality, and theft.Footnotes:11 a Abaddon  means Destruction .11 b Apollyon  means Destroyer .

Revelation 10 Revelation 10The Angel and the Small Scroll(Ezekiel 3:1–15)1Then I saw another mighty angel coming down from heaven, wrapped in a cloud, with a rainbow above his head. His face was like the sun, and his legs were like pillars of fire.

2He held in his hand a small scroll, which lay open. He placed his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land.

3Then he cried out in a loud voice like the roar of a lion. And when he cried out, the seven thunders sounded their voices.

4When the seven thunders had spoken, I was about to put it in writing. But I heard a voice from heaven saying, “Seal up what the seven thunders have said, and do not write it down.”

5Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the land lifted up his right hand to heaven.

6And he swore by Him who lives forever and ever, who created heaven and everything in it, the earth and everything in it, and the sea and everything in it: “There will be no more delay!

7But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he is about to sound his trumpet, the mystery of God will be fulfilled, just as He proclaimed to His servants the prophets.”

8Then the voice that I had heard from heaven spoke to me again, saying, “Go, take the small scroll that lies open in the hand of the angel standing on the sea and on the land.”

9And I went to the angel and said, “Give me the small scroll.” “Take it and eat it,” he said. “It will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be as sweet as honey.”a

10So I took the small scroll from the angel’s hand and ate it; and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but when I had eaten it, my stomach turned bitter.

11And they told me, “You must prophesy again about many peoples and nations and tongues and kings.”Footnotes:9 a See Numbers 5:24 and Ezekiel 3:3.

Revelation 11 Revelation 11The Two Witnesses1Then I was given a measuring rod like a staff and was told, “Go and measure the temple of God and the altar, and count the number of worshipers there.

2But exclude the courtyard outside the temple. Do not measure it, because it has been given over to the nations, and they will trample the holy city for 42 months.

3And I will empower my two witnesses, and they will prophesy for 1,260 days, clothed in sackcloth.”

4These witnesses are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of the earth.a

5If anyone wants to harm them, fire proceeds from their mouths and devours their enemies. In this way, anyone who wants to harm them must be killed.

6These witnesses have power to shut the sky so that no rain will fall during the days of their prophecy, and power to turn the waters into blood and to strike the earth with every kind of plague as often as they wish.

The Witnesses Killed and Raised7When the two witnesses have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the Abyss will wage war with them, and will overpower and kill them.

8Their bodies will lie in the street of the great city—figuratively called Sodom and Egypt—where their Lord was also crucified.

9For three and a half days all peoples and tribes and tongues and nations will view their bodies and will not permit them to be laid in a tomb.

10And those who dwell on the earth will gloat over them, and will celebrate and send one another gifts, because these two prophets had tormented them.

11But after the three and a half days, the breath of life from God entered the two witnesses, and they stood on their feet, and great fear fell upon those who saw them.

12And the witnesses heard a loud voice from heaven saying, “Come up here.” And they went up to heaven in a cloud as their enemies watched them.

13And in that hour there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city collapsed. Seven thousand were killed in the quake, and the rest were terrified and gave glory to the God of heaven.

14The second woe has passed. Behold, the third woe is coming shortly.

The Seventh Trumpet15Then the seventh angel sounded his trumpet, and loud voices called out in heaven: “The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ, and He will reign forever and ever.”

16And the twenty-four elders who sit on their thrones before God fell on their faces and worshiped God,

17saying: “We give thanks to You, O Lord God Almighty, the One who is and who was,b because You have taken Your great power and have begun to reign.

18The nations were enraged,c and Your wrath has come. The time has come to judge the deadd and to reward Your servants the prophets, as well as the saints and those who fear Your name, both small and great— and to destroy those who destroy the earth.”

19Then the temple of God in heaven was opened, and the ark of His covenant appeared in His temple. And there were flashes of lightning, and rumblings, and peals of thunder, and an earthquake, and a great hailstorm.Footnotes:4 a See Zechariah 4:14.17 b TR includes and who is to come .18 c See Psalm 2:1.18 d See Daniel 12:2.

Revelation 12 Revelation 12The Woman and the Dragon1And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed in the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head.

2She was pregnant and crying out in the pain and agony of giving birth.

3Then another sign appeared in heaven: a huge red dragon with seven heads, ten horns, and seven royal crowns on his heads.

4His tail swept a third of the stars from the sky, tossing them to the earth. And the dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth, ready to devour her child as soon as she gave birth.

5And she gave birth to a son, a male child, who will rule all the nations with an iron scepter.a And her child was caught up to God and to His throne.

6And the woman fled into the wilderness, where God had prepared a place for her to be nourished for 1,260 days.

The War in Heaven7Then a war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back.

8But the dragon was not strong enough, and no longer was any place found in heaven for him and his angels.

9And the great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.

10And I heard a loud voice in heaven saying: “Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of His Christ. For the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down— he who accuses them day and night before our God.

11They have conquered him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony. And they did not love their lives so as to shy away from death.

12Therefore rejoice, O heavens, and you who dwell in them! But woe to the earth and the sea; with great fury the devil has come down to you, knowing he has only a short time.”

The Woman Persecuted13And when the dragon saw that he had been thrown to the earth, he pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child.

14But the woman was given two wings of a great eagle to fly from the presence of the serpent to her place in the wilderness, where she was nourished for a time, and times, and half a time.

15Then from the mouth of the serpent spewed water like a river to overtake the woman and sweep her away in the torrent.

16But the earth helped the woman and opened its mouth to swallow up the river that had poured from the dragon’s mouth.

17And the dragon was enraged at the woman, and went to make war with the rest of her children, who keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus. And the dragon stood on the shore of the sea.b Footnotes:5 a See Psalm 2:9 (see also LXX).17 b Literally And he stood on the sand of the sea.  BYZ and TR And I stood on the sand of the sea.  Some texts number this sentence as verse 18; others include it with Revelation 13:1.

Revelation 13 Revelation 13The Beast from the Sea(Daniel 7:1–8)1Then I saw a beast with ten horns and seven heads rising out of the sea. There were ten royal crowns on its horns and blasphemous names on its heads.

2The beast I saw was like a leopard, with the feet of a bear and the mouth of a lion. And the dragon gave the beast his power and his throne and great authority.

3One of the heads of the beast appeared to be mortally wounded. But the mortal wound was healed, and the whole world marveled and followed the beast.

4They worshiped the dragon who had given authority to the beast, and they worshiped the beast, saying, “Who is like the beast, and who can wage war against it?”

5The beast was given a mouth to speak arrogant and blasphemous words, and authority to act for 42 months.

6And the beast opened its mouth to speak blasphemies against God and to slander His name and His tabernacle—those who dwell in heaven.

7Then the beast was permitted to wage war against the saints and to conquer them, and it was given authority over every tribe and people and tongue and nation.

8And all who dwell on the earth will worship the beast—all whose names have not been written from the foundation of the world in the Book of Life belonging to the Lamb who was slain.a

9He who has an ear, let him hear:

10“If anyone is destined for captivity, into captivity he will go; if anyone is to dieb by the sword, by the sword he must be killed.”c Here is a call for the perseverance and faith of the saints.

The Beast from the Earth11Then I saw another beast rising out of the earth. This beast had two horns like a lamb, but spoke like a dragon.

12And this beast exercised all the authority of the first beast and caused the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast, whose mortal wound had been healed.

13And the second beast performed great signs to cause even fire from heaven to come down to earth in the presence of the people.

14Because of the signs it was given to perform on behalf of the first beast, it deceived those who dwell on the earth, telling them to make an image to the beast that had been wounded by the sword and yet had lived.

15The second beast was permitted to give breath to the image of the first beast, so that the image could speak and cause all who refused to worship it to be killed.

The Mark of the Beast16And the second beast required all people small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their forehead,

17so that no one could buy or sell unless he had the mark—the name of the beast or the number of its name.

18Here is a call for wisdom: Let the one who has insight calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man, and that number is 666.d Footnotes:8 a Or written in the Book of Life belonging to the Lamb who was slain from the foundation of the world. 10 b NE, WH, and BYZ if anyone kills 10 c See Jeremiah 15:2.18 d Some manuscripts 616 

Revelation 14 Revelation 14The Lamb and the 144,0001Then I looked and saw the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with Him 144,000 who had His name and His Father’s name written on their foreheads.

2And I heard a sound from heaven like the roar of many waters and the loud rumbling of thunder. And the sound I heard was like harpists strumming their harps.

3And they sang a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and the elders. And no one could learn the song except the 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth.

4These are the ones who have not been defiled with women, for they are virgins. They follow the Lamb wherever He goes. They have been redeemed from among men as firstfruits to God and to the Lamb.

5And no lie was found in their mouths; they are blameless.a

The Three Angels and Babylon’s Fall6Then I saw another angel flying overhead, with the eternal gospel to proclaim to those who dwell on the earth—to every nation and tribe and tongue and people.

7And he said in a loud voice, “Fear God and give Him glory, because the hour of His judgment has come. Worship the One who made the heavens and the earth and the sea and the springs of waters.”

8Then a second angel followed, saying, “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great,b who has made all the nations drink the wine of the passion of her immorality.”

9And a third angel followed them, calling out in a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and its image, and receives its mark on his forehead or on his hand,

10he too will drink the wine of God’s anger, poured undiluted into the cup of His wrath. And he will be tormented in fire and sulfur in the presence of the holy angels and of the Lamb.

11And the smoke of their torment rises forever and ever. Day and night there is no rest for those who worship the beast and its image, or for anyone who receives the mark of its name.”

12Here is a call for the perseverance of the saints who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus.

13And I heard a voice from heaven telling me to write, “Blessed are the dead—those who die in the Lord from this moment on.” “Yes,” says the Spirit, “they will rest from their labors, for their deeds will follow them.”

The Harvest of the Earth14And I looked and saw a white cloud, and seated on the cloud was One like the Son of Man,c with a golden crown on His head and a sharp sickle in His hand.

15Then another angel came out of the temple, crying out in a loud voice to the One seated on the cloud, “Swing Your sickle and reap, because the time has come to harvest; for the crop of the earth is ripe.”

16So the One seated on the cloud swung His sickle over the earth, and the earth was harvested.

17Then another angel came out of the temple in heaven, and he too had a sharp sickle.

18Still another angel, with authority over the fire, came from the altar and called out in a loud voice to the angel with the sharp sickle, “Swing your sharp sickle and gather the clusters of grapes from the vine of the earth, because its grapes are ripe.”

19So the angel swung his sickle over the earth and gathered the grapes of the earth, and he threw them into the great winepress of God’s wrath.

20And the winepress was trodden outside the city, and the blood that flowed from it rose as high as the bridles of the horses for a distance of 1,600 stadia.d Footnotes:5 a BYZ and TR include before the throne of God .8 b See Isaiah 21:9 and Revelation 18:2.14 c Or one like a son of man ; see Daniel 7:13.20 d 1,600 stadia  is approximately 184 miles or 296 kilometers.

Revelation 15 Revelation 15The Song of Moses and the Lamb(Deuteronomy 32:1–47)1Then I saw another great and marvelous sign in heaven: seven angels with the seven final plagues, with which the wrath of God is completed.

2And I saw something like a sea of glass mixed with fire, beside which stood those who had conquered the beast and its image and the number of its name. They were holding harps from God,

3and they sang the song of God’s servant Moses and of the Lamb: “Great and wonderful are Your works, O Lord God Almighty! Just and true are Your ways, O King of the nations!a

4Who will not fear You, O Lord, and glorify Your name? For You alone are holy. All nations will come and worship before You, for Your righteous acts have been revealed.”

Preparation for Judgment5After this I looked, and the temple—the tabernacle of the Testimony—was opened in heaven.

6And out of the temple came the seven angels with the seven plagues, dressed in clean and bright linen and girded with golden sashes around their chests.

7Then one of the four living creatures gave the seven angels seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God, who lives forever and ever.

8And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God and from His power; and no one could enter the temple until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed.Footnotes:3 a SBL and WH King of the ages ; TR King of the saints 

Revelation 16 Revelation 16The First Six Bowls of Wrath1Then I heard a loud voice from the temple saying to the seven angels, “Go, pour out on the earth the seven bowls of God’s wrath.”

2So the first angel went and poured out his bowl on the earth, and loathsome, malignant sores broke out on those who had the mark of the beast and worshiped its image.

3And the second angel poured out his bowl into the sea, and it turned to blood like that of the dead, and every living thing in the sea died.

4And the third angel poured out his bowl into the rivers and springs of water, and they turned to blood.

5And I heard the angel of the waters say: “Righteous are You, O Holy One, who is and was, because You have brought these judgments.

6For they have spilled the blood of saints and prophets, and You have given them blood to drink, as they deserve.”

7And I heard the altar reply: “Yes, Lord God Almighty, true and just are Your judgments.”

8Then the fourth angel poured out his bowl on the sun, and it was given power to scorch the people with fire.

9And the people were scorched by intense heat, and they cursed the name of God, who had authority over these plagues; yet they did not repent and give Him glory.

10And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and its kingdom was plunged into darkness, and men began to gnaw their tongues in anguish

11and curse the God of heaven for their pains and sores; yet they did not repent of their deeds.

12And the sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up to prepare the way for the kings of the East.

13And I saw three unclean spirits that looked like frogs coming out of the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet.

14These are demonic spirits that perform signs and go out to all the kings of the earth, to assemble them for battle on the great day of God the Almighty.

15“Behold, I am coming like a thief. Blessed is the one who remains awake and clothed, so that he will not go naked and let his shame be exposed.”

16And they assembled the kings in the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon.

The Seventh Bowl of Wrath17Then the seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air, and a loud voice came from the throne in the temple, saying, “It is done!”

18And there were flashes of lightning, and rumblings, and peals of thunder, and a great earthquake the likes of which had not occurred since men were upon the earth—so mighty was the great quake.

19The great city was split into three parts, and the cities of the nations collapsed. And God remembered Babylon the great and gave her the cup of the wine of the fury of His wrath.

20Then every island fled, and no mountain could be found.

21And great hailstones weighing almost a hundred pounds eacha rained down on them from above. And men cursed God for the plague of hail, because it was so horrendous.Footnotes:21 a Greek great hail as of a talent ; that is, hailstones weighing approximately 75.4 pounds or 34.2 kilograms each

Revelation 17 Revelation 17The Woman on the Beast1Then one of the seven angels with the seven bowls came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the punishment of the great prostitute, who sits on many waters.

2The kings of the earth were immoral with her, and those who dwell on the earth were intoxicated with the wine of her immorality.”

3And the angel carried me away in the Spirit into a wilderness, where I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was covered with blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns.

4The woman was dressed in purple and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls. She held in her hand a golden cup full of abominations and the impurities of her sexual immorality.

5And on her forehead a mysterious name was written: BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF PROSTITUTES AND OF THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.

The Mystery Explained6I could see that the woman was drunk with the blood of the saints and witnesses for Jesus. And I was utterly amazed at the sight of her.

7“Why are you so amazed?” said the angel. “I will tell you the mystery of the woman and of the beast that carries her, which has the seven heads and ten horns.

8The beast that you saw—it was, and now is no more, but is about to come up out of the Abyss and go to its destruction. And those who dwell on the earth whose names were not written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world will marvel when they see the beast that was, and is not, and yet will be.

9This calls for a mind with wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sits.

10There are also seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come; but when he does come, he must remain for only a little while.

11The beast that was, and now is not, is an eighth king, who belongs to the other seven and is going into destruction.

12The ten horns you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but will receive one hour of authority as kings, along with the beast.

13These kings have one purpose: to yield their power and authority to the beast.

The Victory of the Lamb14They will make war against the Lamb, and the Lamb will triumph over them, because He is Lord of lords and King of kings; and He will be accompanied by His called and chosen and faithful ones.”

15Then the angel said to me, “The waters you saw, where the prostitute was seated, are peoples and multitudes and nations and tongues.

16And the ten horns and the beast that you saw will hate the prostitute. They will leave her desolate and naked, and will eat her flesh and burn her with fire.

17For God has put it into their hearts to carry out His purpose by uniting to give their kingdom to the beast, until the words of God are fulfilled.

18And the woman you saw is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth.”

Revelation 18 Revelation 18Babylon Is Fallen(Isaiah 21:1–10)1After this I saw another angel descending from heaven with great authority, and the earth was illuminated by his glory.

2And he cried out in a mighty voice: “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great!a She has become a lair for demons and a haunt for every unclean spirit, every unclean bird, and every detestable beast.b

3All the nations have drunkc the wine of the passion of her immorality. The kings of the earth were immoral with her, and the merchants of the earth have grown wealthy from the extravagance of her luxury.”

4Then I heard another voice from heaven say: “Come out of her, My people,d so that you will not share in her sins or contract any of her plagues.

5For her sins are piled up to heaven, and God has remembered her iniquities.

6Give back to her as she has done to others; pay her back double for what she has done; mix her a double portion in her own cup.

7As much as she has glorified herself and lived in luxury, give her the same measure of torment and grief. In her heart she says, ‘I sit as queen; I am not a widow and will never see grief.’

8Therefore her plagues will come in one day— death and grief and famine— and she will be consumed by fire, for mighty is the Lord God who judges her.”

Lament over Babylon9Then the kings of the earth who committed sexual immorality and lived in luxury with her will weep and wail at the sight of the smoke rising from the fire that consumes her.e

10In fear of her torment, they will stand at a distance and cry out: “Woe, woe to the great city, the mighty city of Babylon! For in a single hour your judgment has come.”

11And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, because there is no one left to buy their cargo—

12cargo of gold, silver, precious stones, and pearls; of fine linen, purple, silk, and scarlet; of all kinds of citron wood and every article of ivory, precious wood, bronze, iron, and marble;

13of cinnamon, spice, incense, myrrh, and frankincense; of wine, olive oil, fine flour, and wheat; of cattle, sheep, horses, and chariots; of slaves and souls of men.

14And they will say:f “The fruit of your soul’s desire has departed from you; all your luxury and splendor have vanished, never to be seen again.”

15The merchants who sold these things and grew their wealth from her will stand at a distance, in fear of her torment. They will weep and mourn,

16saying: “Woe, woe to the great city, clothed in fine linen and purple and scarlet, adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls!

17For in a single hour such fabulous wealth has been destroyed!” Every shipmaster, passenger, and sailor, and all who make their living from the sea, will stand at a distance

18and cry out at the sight of the smoke rising from the fire that consumes her. “What city was ever like this great city?” they will exclaim.

19Then they will throw dust on their heads as they weep and mourn and cry out: “Woe, woe to the great city, where all who had ships on the sea were enriched by her wealth! For in a single hour she has been destroyed.”

20Rejoice over her, O heaven, O saints and apostles and prophets, because God has pronounced for you His judgment against her.

The Doom of Babylon21Then a mighty angel picked up a stone the size of a great millstone and cast it into the sea, saying: “With such violence the great city of Babylon will be cast down, never to be seen again.

22And the sound of harpists and musicians, of flute players and trumpeters, will never ring out in you again. Nor will any craftsmen of any trade be found in you again, nor the sound of a millstone be heard in you again.

23The light of a lamp will never shine in you again, and the voices of a bride and bridegroom will never call out in you again. For your merchants were the great ones of the earth, because all the nations were deceived by your sorcery.”

24And there was found in her the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who had been slain on the earth.Footnotes:2 a See Isaiah 21:9 and Revelation 14:8.2 b NE, WH, BYZ, and TR a haunt for every unclean spirit and every unclean and detestable bird. 3 c SBL and WH have fallen by 4 d See Jeremiah 51:45.9 e Literally when they see the smoke of her burning ; also in verse 1814 f Literally And: 

Revelation 19 Revelation 19Rejoicing in Heaven1After this I heard a sound like the roar of a great multitude in heaven, shouting: “Hallelujah!a Salvation and glory and power belong to our God!

2For His judgments are true and just. He has judged the great prostitute who corrupted the earth with her immorality. He has avenged the blood of His servants that was poured out by her hand.”

3And a second time they called out: “Hallelujah! Her smoke rises forever and ever.”

4And the twenty-four elders and the four living creatures fell down and worshiped God who sits on the throne, saying: “Amen, Hallelujah!”

5Then a voice came from the throne, saying: “Praise our God, all you who serve Him, and those who fear Him, small and great alike!”

The Marriage of the Lamb6And I heard a sound like the roar of a great multitude, like the rushing of many waters, and like a mighty rumbling of thunder, crying out: “Hallelujah! For the Lord our Godb the Almighty reigns.

7Let us rejoice and be glad and give Him the glory. For the marriage of the Lamb has come, and His bride has made herself ready.

8She was given clothing of fine linen, bright and pure.” For the fine linen she wears is the righteous acts of the saints.

9Then the angel told me to write, “Blessed are those who are invited to the marriage supper of the Lamb.” And he said to me, “These are the true words of God.”

10So I fell at his feet to worship him. But he told me, “Do not do that! I am a fellow servant with you and your brothers who rely on the testimony of Jesus. Worship God! For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.”

The Rider on the White Horse11Then I saw heaven standing open, and there before me was a white horse. And its rider is called Faithful and True. With righteousness He judges and wages war.

12He has eyes like blazing fire, and many royal crowns on His head. He has a name written on Him that only He Himself knows.

13He is dressed in a robe dipped in blood,c and His name is The Word of God.

14The armies of heaven, dressed in fine linen, white and pure, follow Him on white horses.

15And from His mouth proceeds a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations, and He will rule them with an iron scepter.d He treads the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God the Almighty.

16And He has a name written on His robe and on His thigh: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.

Defeat of the Beast and False Prophet17Then I saw an angel standing in the sun, and he cried out in a loud voice to all the birds flying overhead, “Come, gather together for the great supper of God,

18so that you may eat the flesh of kings and commanders and mighty men, of horses and riders, of everyone slave and free, small and great.”

19Then I saw the beast and the kings of the earth with their armies assembled to wage war against the One seated on the horse, and against His army.

20But the beast was captured along with the false prophet, who on its behalf had performed signs deceiving those who had the mark of the beast and worshiped its image. Both the beast and the false prophet were thrown alive into the fiery lake of burning sulfur.

21And the rest were killed with the sword that proceeded from the mouth of the One seated on the horse. And all the birds gorged themselves on their flesh.Footnotes:1 a Hallelujah  is a transliteration of the Hebrew Hallelu YAH , meaning Praise the LORD ; also in verses 3, 4, and 6.6 b SBL, BYZ, and TR the Lord God 13 c WH sprinkled with blood 15 d See Psalm 2:9 (see also LXX).

Revelation 20 Revelation 20Satan Bound1Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven with the key to the Abyss, holding in his hand a great chain.

2He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent who is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years.

3And he threw him into the Abyss, shut it, and sealed it over him, so that he could not deceive the nations until the thousand years were complete. After that, he must be released for a brief period of time.

4Then I saw the thrones, and those seated on them had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their testimony of Jesus and for the word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or its image, and had not received its mark on their foreheads or hands. And they came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.

5The rest of the dead did not come back to life until the thousand years were complete. This is the first resurrection.

6Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection! The second death has no power over them, but they will be priests of God and of Christ, and will reign with Him for a thousand years.

Satan Cast into the Lake of Fire7When the thousand years are complete, Satan will be released from his prison,

8and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth—Gog and Magog—to assemble them for battle. Their number is like the sand of the seashore.

9And they marched across the broad expanse of the earth and surrounded the camp of the saints and the beloved city. But fire came down from heavena and consumed them.

10And the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulfur, into which the beast and the false prophet had already been thrown. There they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.

Judgment before the Great White Throne11Then I saw a great white throne and the One seated on it. Earth and heaven fled from His presence, and no place was found for them.

12And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne. And there were open books, and one of them was the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their deeds, as recorded in the books.

13The sea gave up its dead, and Death and Hades gave up their dead, and each one was judged according to his deeds.

14Then Death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death—the lake of fire.

15And if anyone was found whose name was not written in the Book of Life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.Footnotes:9 a BYZ and TR came down from God out of heaven 

Revelation 21 Revelation 21A New Heaven and a New Earth(Isaiah 65:17–25)1Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth,a for the first heaven and earth had passed away, and the sea was no more.

2I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.

3And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying: “Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man, and He will dwell with them. They will be His people, and God Himself will be with them as their God.b

4‘He will wipe away every tear from their eyes,’c and there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the former things have passed away.”

5And the One seated on the throne said, “Behold, I make all things new.” Then He said, “Write this down, for these words are faithful and true.”

6And He told me, “It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. To the thirsty I will give freely from the spring of the water of life.

7The one who overcomes will inherit all things, and I will be his God, and he will be My son.

8But to the cowardly and unbelieving and abominable and murderers and sexually immoral and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their place will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur. This is the second death.”

The New Jerusalem9Then one of the seven angels with the seven bowls full of the seven final plagues came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.”

10And he carried me away in the Spirit to a mountain great and high, and showed me the holy city of Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God,

11shining with the glory of God. Its radiance was like a most precious jewel, like a jasper, as clear as crystal.

12The city had a great and high wall with twelve gates inscribed with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, and twelve angels at the gates.

13There were three gates on the east, three on the north, three on the south, and three on the west.

14The wall of the city had twelve foundations bearing the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.

15The angel who spoke with me had a golden measuring rod to measure the city and its gates and walls.

16The city lies foursquare, with its width the same as its length. And he measured the city with the rod, and all its dimensions were equal—12,000 stadiad in length and width and height.

17And he measured its wall to be 144 cubits,e by the human measure the angel was using.

18The wall was made of jasper, and the city itself of pure gold, as pure as glass.

19The foundations of the city walls were adorned with every kind of precious stone: The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third chalcedony, the fourth emerald,

20the fifth sardonyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst.

21And the twelve gates were twelve pearls, with each gate consisting of a single pearl. The main street of the city was pure gold, as clear as glass.

22But I saw no temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple.

23And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, because the glory of God illuminates the city, and the Lamb is its lamp.

24By its light the nations will walk, and into it the kings of the earth will bring their glory.f

25Its gates will never be shut at the end of the day, because there will be no night there.

26And into the city will be brought the glory and honor of the nations.

27But nothing unclean will ever enter it, nor anyone who practices an abomination or a lie, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life.Footnotes:1 a See Isaiah 65:17 and Isaiah 66:22 (see also LXX).3 b SBL, NE, WH, and BYZ God Himself will be with them. 4 c Isaiah 25:8.16 d 12,000 stadia  is approximately 1,380 miles or 2,220 kilometers.17 e 144 cubits  is approximately 216 feet or 65.8 meters. The measure could indicate either height or thickness.24 f BYZ and TR include and honor .

Revelation 22 Revelation 22The River of Life1Then the angel showed me a river of the water of life, as clear as crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb

2down the middle of the main street of the city. On either side of the river stood a tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit and yielding a fresh crop for each month. And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations.

3No longer will there be any curse. The throne of God and of the Lamb will be within the city, and His servants will worship Him.

4They will see His face, and His name will be on their foreheads.

5There will be no more night in the city, and they will have no need for the light of a lamp or of the sun. For the Lord God will shine on them, and they will reign forever and ever.

Jesus Is Coming6Then the angel said to me, “These words are faithful and true. The Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, has sent His angel to show His servants what must soona take place.”

7“Behold, I am coming soon. Blessed is the one who keeps the words of prophecy in this book.b”

8And I am John, who heard and saw these things. And when I had heard and seen them, I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel who had shown me these things.

9But he said to me, “Do not do that! I am a fellow servant with you and your brothers the prophets, and with those who keep the words of this book. Worship God!”

10Then he told me, “Do not seal up the words of prophecy in this book, because the time is near.

11Let the unrighteous continue to be unrighteous, and the vile continue to be vile; let the righteous continue to practice righteousness, and the holy continue to be holy.”

12“Behold, I am coming soon, and My reward is with Me, to give to each one according to what he has done.

13I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End.”

14Blessed are those who wash their robes,c so that they may have the right to the tree of life and may enter the city by its gates.

15But outside are the dogs, the sorcerers, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters, and everyone who loves and practices falsehood.

16“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.”

17The Spirit and the bride say, “Come!” Let the one who hears say, “Come!” And let the one who is thirsty come, and the one who desires the water of life drink freely.

Nothing May Be Added or Removed18I testify to everyone who hears the words of prophecy in this book: If anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book.

19And if anyone takes away from the words of this book of prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and the holy city, which are described in this book.

20He who testifies to these things says, “Yes, I am coming soon.” Amen. Come, Lord Jesus!

21The grace of the Lord Jesusd be with all the saints.e Amen.f Footnotes:6 a Or suddenly  or quickly ; similarly in verses 7, 12, and 207 b Or scroll ; also in verses 9, 10, 18, 1914 c BYZ and TR Blessed are those who do His commandments 21 d WH and BYZ the Lord Jesus Christ ; TR our Lord Jesus Christ 21 e SBL, WH, NE, and TR do not include the saints .21 f SBL, WH, NE, and NA do not include Amen. The Berean Bible (www.Berean.Bible) Berean Study Bible (BSB) © 2016, 2018 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Used by Permission. All rights Reserved. Free downloads and licensing available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible.Bible

Revelation 1 KJV - The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which - Bible Gateway

Revelation 1 KJV - The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which - Bible Gateway

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---Mam, Todos Santos (MVJ)---

Mam de Todos Santos Chuchumatán (MVJ)

 

---Plautdietsch (NDS)---

Reimer 2001 (REIMER)

 

---नेपाली (NE)---

Nepali Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-NE)

 

---Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)---

Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)

 

---Nederlands (NL)---

BasisBijbel (BB)

Het Boek (HTB)

 

---Norsk (NO)---

Det Norsk Bibelselskap 1930 (DNB1930)

En Levende Bok (LB)

 

---Chichewa (NY)---

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

 

---ଓଡ଼ିଆ (OR)---

Oriya Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-OR)

 

---ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (PA)---

Punjabi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-PA)

 

---Polski (PL)---

Nowe Przymierze (NP)

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

Updated Gdańsk Bible (UBG)

 

---Nawat (PPL)---

Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (NBTN)

 

---Português (PT)---

Almeida Revista e Corrigida 2009 (ARC)

Portuguese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (VFL)

Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)

Nova Versão Transformadora (NVT)

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

 

---Quichua (QU)---

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

 

---Quiché, Centro Occidenta (QUT)---

Quiché, Centro Occidental (QUT)

 

---Română (RO)---

Cornilescu 1924 - Revised 2010, 2014 (RMNN)

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

 

---Русский (RU)---

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

Russian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-RU)

Russian Synodal Version (RUSV)

 

---Slovenčina (SK)---

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

 

---Somali (SO)---

Somali Bible (SOM)

 

---Shqip (SQ)---

Albanian Bible (ALB)

 

---Српски (SR)---

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

Serbian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-SR)

 

---Svenska (SV)---

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Svenska 1917 (SV1917)

Svenska Folkbibeln (SFB)

Svenska Folkbibeln 2015 (SFB15)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

 

---Kiswahili (SW)---

Agano Jipya: Tafsiri ya Kusoma-Kwa-Urahisi (TKU)

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

 

---தமிழ் (TA)---

Tamil Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TA)

 

---ภาษาไทย (TH)---

New Thai Version (NTV-BIBLE)

Thai New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TH)

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

 

---Tagalog (TL)---

Ang Bagong Tipan: Filipino Standard Version (FSV)

Ang Biblia (1978) (ABTAG1978)

Ang Biblia, 2001 (ABTAG2001)

Ang Dating Biblia (1905) (ADB1905)

Ang Salita ng Diyos (SND)

Ang Salita ng Dios (Tagalog Contemporary Bible) (ASND)

Magandang Balita Biblia (MBBTAG)

Magandang Balita Biblia (with Deuterocanon) (MBBTAG-DC)

 

---Twi (TWI)---

Nkwa Asem (NA-TWI)

 

---Українська (UK)---

Ukrainian Bible (UKR)

Ukrainian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UK)

 

---اردو (UR)---

Urdu Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UR)

 

---Uspanteco (USP)---

Uspanteco (USP)

 

---Tiêng Viêt (VI)---

Bản Dịch 2011 (BD2011)

New Vietnamese Bible (NVB)

Vietnamese Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (BPT)

 

---Yorùbá (YO)---

Bíbélì Mímọ́ Yorùbá Òde Òn (BYO)

 

---汉语 (ZH)---

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified) (CCB)

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional) (CCBT)

Chinese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-ZH)

Chinese New Version (Simplified) (CNVS)

Chinese New Version (Traditional) (CNVT)

Chinese Standard Bible (Simplified) (CSBS)

Chinese Standard Bible (Traditional) (CSBT)

Chinese Union Version (Simplified) (CUVS)

Chinese Union Version (Traditional) (CUV)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Simplified) (CUVMPS)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Traditional) (CUVMPT)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Simplified Script) Shen Edition (RCU17SS)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Traditional Script) Shen Edition (RCU17TS)

King James Version (KJV)

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Listen to Revelation 1

Revelation 1

King James Version

—Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)—

Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)

 

—العربية (AR)—

Arabic Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AR)

Ketab El Hayat (NAV)

 

—अवधी (AWA)—

Awadhi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AWA)

 

—Български (BG)—

1940 Bulgarian Bible (BG1940)

Bulgarian Bible (BULG)

Bulgarian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-BG)

Библия, нов превод от оригиналните езици (с неканоничните книги) (CBT)

Библия, синодално издание (BOB)

Библия, ревизирано издание (BPB)

 

—Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)—

Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)

 

—Cebuano (CEB)—

Ang Pulong Sa Dios (APSD-CEB)

 

—ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍ (CHR)—

Cherokee New Testament (CHR)

 

—كوردی سۆرانی (CKB)—

Kurdi Sorani Standard (KSS)

 

—Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)—

Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)

 

—Čeština (CS)—

Bible 21 (B21)

Slovo na cestu (SNC)

 

—Cymraeg (CY)—

Beibl William Morgan (BWM)

 

—Dansk (DA)—

Bibelen på hverdagsdansk (BPH)

Dette er Biblen på dansk (DN1933)

 

—Deutsch (DE)—

Hoffnung für Alle (HOF)

Luther Bibel 1545 (LUTH1545)

Neue Genfer Übersetzung (NGU-DE)

Schlachter 1951 (SCH1951)

Schlachter 2000 (SCH2000)

 

—English (EN)—

21st Century King James Version (KJ21)

American Standard Version (ASV)

Amplified Bible (AMP)

Amplified Bible, Classic Edition (AMPC)

BRG Bible (BRG)

Christian Standard Bible (CSB)

Common English Bible (CEB)

Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)

Contemporary English Version (CEV)

Darby Translation (DARBY)

Disciples’ Literal New Testament (DLNT)

Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition (DRA)

Easy-to-Read Version (ERV)

EasyEnglish Bible (EASY)

Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)

English Standard Version (ESV)

English Standard Version Anglicised (ESVUK)

Expanded Bible (EXB)

1599 Geneva Bible (GNV)

GOD’S WORD Translation (GW)

Good News Translation (GNT)

Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB)

International Children’s Bible (ICB)

International Standard Version (ISV)

J.B. Phillips New Testament (PHILLIPS)

Jubilee Bible 2000 (JUB)

King James Version (KJV)

Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)

Legacy Standard Bible (LSB)

Lexham English Bible (LEB)

Living Bible (TLB)

The Message (MSG)

Modern English Version (MEV)

Mounce Reverse Interlinear New Testament (MOUNCE)

Names of God Bible (NOG)

New American Bible (Revised Edition) (NABRE)

New American Standard Bible (NASB)

New American Standard Bible 1995 (NASB1995)

New Catholic Bible (NCB)

New Century Version (NCV)

New English Translation (NET Bible)

New International Reader's Version (NIRV)

New International Version (NIV)

New International Version - UK (NIVUK)

New King James Version (NKJV)

New Life Version (NLV)

New Living Translation (NLT)

New Matthew Bible (NMB)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised (NRSVA)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised Catholic Edition (NRSVACE)

New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)

New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (NRSVUE)

New Testament for Everyone (NTFE)

Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB)

Revised Geneva Translation (RGT)

Revised Standard Version (RSV)

Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (RSVCE)

Tree of Life Version (TLV)

The Voice (VOICE)

World English Bible (WEB)

Worldwide English (New Testament) (WE)

Wycliffe Bible (WYC)

Young's Literal Translation (YLT)

 

—Español (ES)—

La Biblia de las Américas (LBLA)

Biblia del Jubileo (JBS)

Dios Habla Hoy (DHH)

Nueva Biblia de las Américas (NBLA)

Nueva Biblia Viva (NBV)

Nueva Traducción Viviente (NTV)

Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI)

Nueva Versión Internacional (Castilian) (CST)

Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT)

La Palabra (España) (BLP)

La Palabra (Hispanoamérica) (BLPH)

Reina Valera Actualizada (RVA-2015)

Reina Valera Contemporánea (RVC)

Reina-Valera 1960 (RVR1960)

Reina Valera Revisada (RVR1977)

Reina-Valera 1995 (RVR1995)

Reina-Valera Antigua (RVA)

Spanish Blue Red and Gold Letter Edition (SRV-BRG)

Traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA)

 

—Suomi (FI)—

Raamattu 1933/38 (R1933)

 

—Français (FR)—

La Bible du Semeur (BDS)

Louis Segond (LSG)

Nouvelle Edition de Genève – NEG1979 (NEG1979)

Segond 21 (SG21)

 

—Κοινη (GRC)—

1550 Stephanus New Testament (TR1550)

1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament (WHNU)

1894 Scrivener New Testament (TR1894)

SBL Greek New Testament (SBLGNT)

Tyndale House Greek New Testament (THGNT)

 

—ગુજરાતી (GU)—

Gujarati: પવિત્ર બાઈબલ (GERV)

 

—עברית (HE)—

Habrit Hakhadasha/Haderekh (HHH)

The Westminster Leningrad Codex (WLC)

 

—हिन्दी (HI)—

Hindi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HI)

Saral Hindi Bible (SHB)

 

—Ilonggo (HIL)—

Ang Pulong Sang Dios (HLGN)

 

—Chhattisgarhi (HNE)—

New Chhattisgarhi Translation (नवां नियम छत्तीसगढ़ी) (NCA)

 

—Hrvatski (HR)—

Biblija: suvremeni hrvatski prijevod (SHP)

Hrvatski Novi Zavjet – Rijeka 2001 (HNZ-RI)

Knijga O Kristu (CRO)

 

—Kreyòl ayisyen (HT)—

Haitian Creole Version (HCV)

Nouvo Testaman: Vèsyon Kreyòl Fasil (VKF)

 

—Magyar (HU)—

Hungarian Károli (KAR)

Hungarian Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HU)

Hungarian New Translation (NT-HU)

 

—Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWC)—

Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWP)

 

—Íslenska (IS)—

Icelandic Bible (ICELAND)

 

—Italiano (IT)—

La Bibbia della Gioia (BDG)

Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (CEI)

La Nuova Diodati (LND)

Nuova Riveduta 1994 (NR1994)

Nuova Riveduta 2006 (NR2006)

 

—日本語 (JA)—

Japanese Living Bible (JLB)

 

—Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)—

Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)

 

—Kekchi (KEK)—

Kekchi (KEK)

 

—한국어 (KO)—

Korean Living Bible (KLB)

 

—Latina (LA)—

Biblia Sacra Vulgata (VULGATE)

 

—Luganda (LG)—

Endagaano Enkadde nʼEndagaano Empya (LCB)

 

—Māori (MI)—

Maori Bible (MAORI)

 

—Македонски (MK)—

Macedonian New Testament (MNT)

 

—मराठी (MR)—

Marathi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-MR)

 

—Mam, Central (MVC)—

Mam, Central (MVC)

 

—Mam, Todos Santos (MVJ)—

Mam de Todos Santos Chuchumatán (MVJ)

 

—Plautdietsch (NDS)—

Reimer 2001 (REIMER)

 

—नेपाली (NE)—

Nepali Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-NE)

 

—Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)—

Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)

 

—Nederlands (NL)—

BasisBijbel (BB)

Het Boek (HTB)

 

—Norsk (NO)—

Det Norsk Bibelselskap 1930 (DNB1930)

En Levende Bok (LB)

 

—Chichewa (NY)—

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

 

—ଓଡ଼ିଆ (OR)—

Oriya Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-OR)

 

—ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (PA)—

Punjabi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-PA)

 

—Polski (PL)—

Nowe Przymierze (NP)

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

Updated Gdańsk Bible (UBG)

 

—Nawat (PPL)—

Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (NBTN)

 

—Português (PT)—

Almeida Revista e Corrigida 2009 (ARC)

Portuguese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (VFL)

Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)

Nova Versão Transformadora (NVT)

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

 

—Quichua (QU)—

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

 

—Quiché, Centro Occidenta (QUT)—

Quiché, Centro Occidental (QUT)

 

—Română (RO)—

Cornilescu 1924 - Revised 2010, 2014 (RMNN)

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

 

—Русский (RU)—

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

Russian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-RU)

Russian Synodal Version (RUSV)

 

—Slovenčina (SK)—

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

 

—Somali (SO)—

Somali Bible (SOM)

 

—Shqip (SQ)—

Albanian Bible (ALB)

 

—Српски (SR)—

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

Serbian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-SR)

 

—Svenska (SV)—

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Svenska 1917 (SV1917)

Svenska Folkbibeln (SFB)

Svenska Folkbibeln 2015 (SFB15)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

 

—Kiswahili (SW)—

Agano Jipya: Tafsiri ya Kusoma-Kwa-Urahisi (TKU)

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

 

—தமிழ் (TA)—

Tamil Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TA)

 

—ภาษาไทย (TH)—

New Thai Version (NTV-BIBLE)

Thai New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TH)

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

 

—Tagalog (TL)—

Ang Bagong Tipan: Filipino Standard Version (FSV)

Ang Biblia (1978) (ABTAG1978)

Ang Biblia, 2001 (ABTAG2001)

Ang Dating Biblia (1905) (ADB1905)

Ang Salita ng Diyos (SND)

Ang Salita ng Dios (Tagalog Contemporary Bible) (ASND)

Magandang Balita Biblia (MBBTAG)

Magandang Balita Biblia (with Deuterocanon) (MBBTAG-DC)

 

—Twi (TWI)—

Nkwa Asem (NA-TWI)

 

—Українська (UK)—

Ukrainian Bible (UKR)

Ukrainian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UK)

 

—اردو (UR)—

Urdu Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UR)

 

—Uspanteco (USP)—

Uspanteco (USP)

 

—Tiêng Viêt (VI)—

Bản Dịch 2011 (BD2011)

New Vietnamese Bible (NVB)

Vietnamese Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (BPT)

 

—Yorùbá (YO)—

Bíbélì Mímọ́ Yorùbá Òde Òn (BYO)

 

—汉语 (ZH)—

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified) (CCB)

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional) (CCBT)

Chinese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-ZH)

Chinese New Version (Simplified) (CNVS)

Chinese New Version (Traditional) (CNVT)

Chinese Standard Bible (Simplified) (CSBS)

Chinese Standard Bible (Traditional) (CSBT)

Chinese Union Version (Simplified) (CUVS)

Chinese Union Version (Traditional) (CUV)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Simplified) (CUVMPS)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Traditional) (CUVMPT)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Simplified Script) Shen Edition (RCU17SS)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Traditional Script) Shen Edition (RCU17TS)

—AMU—

AMU

 

—AR—

ERV-AR

NAV

 

—AWA—

ERV-AWA

 

—BG—

BG1940

BULG

ERV-BG

CBT

BOB

BPB

 

—CCO—

CCO

 

—CEB—

APSD-CEB

 

—CHR—

CHR

 

—CKB—

KSS

 

—CKW—

CKW

 

—CS—

B21

SNC

 

—CY—

BWM

 

—DA—

BPH

DN1933

 

—DE—

HOF

LUTH1545

NGU-DE

SCH1951

SCH2000

 

—EN—

KJ21

ASV

AMP

AMPC

BRG

CSB

CEB

CJB

CEV

DARBY

DLNT

DRA

ERV

EASY

EHV

ESV

ESVUK

EXB

GNV

GW

GNT

HCSB

ICB

ISV

PHILLIPS

JUB

KJV

AKJV

LSB

LEB

TLB

MSG

MEV

MOUNCE

NOG

NABRE

NASB

NASB1995

NCB

NCV

NET

NIRV

NIV

NIVUK

NKJV

NLV

NLT

NMB

NRSVA

NRSVACE

NRSVCE

NRSVUE

NTFE

OJB

RGT

RSV

RSVCE

TLV

VOICE

WEB

WE

WYC

YLT

 

—ES—

LBLA

JBS

DHH

NBLA

NBV

NTV

NVI

CST

PDT

BLP

BLPH

RVA-2015

RVC

RVR1960

RVR1977

RVR1995

RVA

SRV-BRG

TLA

 

—FI—

R1933

 

—FR—

BDS

LSG

NEG1979

SG21

 

—GRC—

TR1550

WHNU

TR1894

SBLGNT

THGNT

 

—GU—

GERV

 

—HE—

HHH

WLC

 

—HI—

ERV-HI

SHB

 

—HIL—

HLGN

 

—HNE—

NCA

 

—HR—

SHP

HNZ-RI

CRO

 

—HT—

HCV

VKF

 

—HU—

KAR

ERV-HU

NT-HU

 

—HWC—

HWP

 

—IS—

ICELAND

 

—IT—

BDG

CEI

LND

NR1994

NR2006

 

—JA—

JLB

 

—JAC—

JAC

 

—KEK—

KEK

 

—KO—

KLB

 

—LA—

VULGATE

 

—LG—

LCB

 

—MI—

MAORI

 

—MK—

MNT

 

—MR—

ERV-MR

 

—MVC—

MVC

 

—MVJ—

MVJ

 

—NDS—

REIMER

 

—NE—

ERV-NE

 

—NGU—

NGU

 

—NL—

BB

HTB

 

—NO—

DNB1930

LB

 

—NY—

CCL

 

—OR—

ERV-OR

 

—PA—

ERV-PA

 

—PL—

NP

SZ-PL

UBG

 

—PPL—

NBTN

 

—PT—

ARC

VFL

NTLH

NVT

NVI-PT

OL

 

—QU—

MTDS

 

—QUT—

QUT

 

—RO—

RMNN

NTLR

 

—RU—

NRT

CARS

CARST

CARSA

ERV-RU

RUSV

 

—SK—

NPK

 

—SO—

SOM

 

—SQ—

ALB

 

—SR—

NSP

ERV-SR

 

—SV—

NUB

SV1917

SFB

SFB15

SVL

 

—SW—

TKU

SNT

 

—TA—

ERV-TA

 

—TH—

NTV-BIBLE

ERV-TH

TNCV

 

—TL—

FSV

ABTAG1978

ABTAG2001

ADB1905

SND

ASND

MBBTAG

MBBTAG-DC

 

—TWI—

NA-TWI

 

—UK—

UKR

ERV-UK

 

—UR—

ERV-UR

 

—USP—

USP

 

—VI—

BD2011

NVB

BPT

 

—YO—

BYO

 

—ZH—

CCB

CCBT

ERV-ZH

CNVS

CNVT

CSBS

CSBT

CUVS

CUV

CUVMPS

CUVMPT

RCU17SS

RCU17TS

Update

1 The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John: 2 Who bare record of the word of God, and of the testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw. 3 Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein: for the time is at hand. 4 John to the seven churches which are in Asia: Grace be unto you, and peace, from him which is, and which was, and which is to come; and from the seven Spirits which are before his throne; 5 And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, 6 And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. 7 Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him, and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail because of him. Even so, Amen. 8 I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty. 9 I John, who also am your brother, and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. 10 I was in the Spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a great voice, as of a trumpet, 11 Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea. 12 And I turned to see the voice that spake with me. And being turned, I saw seven golden candlesticks; 13 And in the midst of the seven candlesticks one like unto the Son of man, clothed with a garment down to the foot, and girt about the paps with a golden girdle. 14 His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire; 15 And his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters. 16 And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength. 17 And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as dead. And he laid his right hand upon me, saying unto me, Fear not; I am the first and the last: 18 I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death. 19 Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are, and the things which shall be hereafter; 20 The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches.

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Book of Revelation NIV

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Summary

Summary of the Book of Revelation

This summary of the book of Revelation provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme, theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Book of Revelation.

Author

Four times the author identifies himself as John (1:1,4,9; 22:8). From as early

as Justin Martyr in the second century a.d. it has been held that this John

was the apostle, the son of Zebedee (see Mt 10:2). The book itself reveals

that the author was a Jew, well versed in Scripture, a church leader who was

well known to the seven churches of Asia Minor, and a deeply religious person

fully convinced that the Christian faith would soon triumph over the demonic

forces at work in the world.

In the third century, however, an African bishop named Dionysius compared

the language, style and thought of the Apocalypse (Revelation) with that of

the other writings of John and decided that the book could not have been written

by the apostle John. He suggested that the author was a certain John the Presbyter,

whose name appears elsewhere in ancient writings. Although many today follow

Dionysius in his view of authorship, the external evidence seems overwhelmingly

supportive of the traditional view.

Date

Revelation was written when Christians were entering a time of persecution.

The two periods most often mentioned are the latter part of Nero's reign (a.d.

54-68) and the latter part of Domitian's reign (81-96). Most interpreters date

the book c. 95. (A few suggest a date during the reign of Vespasian: 69-79.)

Occasion

Since Roman authorities at this time were beginning to enforce emperor worship,

Christians -- who held that Christ, not Caesar, was Lord -- were facing increasing

hostility. The believers at Smyrna are warned against coming opposition (2:10),

and the church at Philadelphia is told of an hour of trial coming on the world

(3:10). Antipas has already given his life (2:13) along with others (6:9). John has been exiled to the island of Patmos (probably the site of a Roman penal colony) for his activities as a Christian missionary (1:9). Some within

the church are advocating a policy of compromise (2:14-15,20), which has to

be corrected before its subtle influence can undermine the determination of

believers to stand fast in the perilous days that lie ahead.

Purpose

John writes to encourage the faithful to resist staunchly the demands of

emperor worship. He informs his readers that the final showdown between God

and Satan is imminent. Satan will increase his persecution of believers, but

they must stand fast, even to death. They are sealed against any spiritual

harm and will soon be vindicated when Christ returns, when the wicked are forever

destroyed, and when God's people enter an eternity of glory and blessedness.

Literary Form

For an adequate understanding of Revelation, the reader must recognize that

it is a distinct kind of literature. Revelation is apocalyptic, a kind of writing

that is highly symbolic. Although its visions often seem bizarre to the Western

reader, fortunately the book provides a number of clues for its own interpretation

(e.g., stars are angels, lampstands are churches, 1:20; "the great prostitute,"

17:1, is "Babylon" [Rome?], 17:5,18; and the heavenly Jerusalem is the wife of the Lamb, 21:9-10).

Distinctive Feature

A distinctive feature is the frequent use of the number seven (52 times).

There are seven beatitudes (see note on 1:3), seven churches (1:4,11), seven spirits (1:4), seven golden lampstands (1:12), seven stars (1:16), seven seals

(5:1), seven horns and seven eyes (5:6), seven trumpets (8:2), seven thunders (10:3), seven signs (12:1,3; 13:13-14; 15:1; 16:14; 19:20), seven crowns (12:3),

seven plagues (15:6), seven golden bowls (15:7), seven hills (17:9) and seven kings (17:10), as well as other sevens. Symbolically, the number seven stands for completeness.

Interpretation

Interpreters of Revelation normally fall into four groups:

Preterists understand the book exclusively in terms of its first-century

setting, claiming that most of its events have already taken place.

Historicists take it as describing the long chain of events

from Patmos to the end of history.

Futurists place the book primarily in the end times.

Idealists view it as symbolic pictures of such timeless truths

as the victory of good over evil.

Fortunately, the fundamental truths of Revelation do not depend on adopting

a particular point of view. They are available to anyone who will read the

book for its overall message and resist the temptation to become overly enamored

with the details.

Outline

Introduction (1:1-8)

Prologue (1:1-3)

Greetings and Doxology (1:4-8)

Jesus among the Seven Churches (1:9-20)

The Letters to the Seven Churches (chs. 2 - 3)

Ephesus (2:1-7)

Smyrna (2:8-11)

Pergamum (2:12-17)

Thyatira (2:18-29)

Sardis (3:1-6)

Philadelphia (3:7-13)

Laodicea (3:14-22)

The Throne, the Scroll and the Lamb (chs.

4-5)

The Throne in Heaven (ch. 4)

The Seven-Sealed Scroll (5:1-5)

The Lamb Slain (5:6-14)

The Seven Seals (6:1;8:1)

First Seal: The White Horse (6:1-2)

Second Seal: The Red Horse (6:3-4)

Third Seal: The Black Horse (6:5-6)

Fourth Seal: The Pale Horse (6:7-8)

Fifth Seal: The Souls under the Altar (6:9-11)

Sixth Seal: The Great Earthquake (6:12-17)

The Sealing of the 144,000 (7:1-8)

The Great Multitude (7:9-17)

Seventh Seal: Silence in Heaven (8:1)

The Seven Trumpets (8:2;11:19)

Introduction (8:2-5)

First Trumpet: Hail and Fire Mixed with Blood

(8:6-7)

Second Trumpet: A Mountain Thrown into the

Sea (8:8-9)

Third Trumpet: The Star Wormwood (8:10-11)

Fourth Trumpet: A Third of the Sun, Moon

and Stars Struck (8:12-13)

Fifth Trumpet: The Plague of Locusts (9:1-12)

Sixth Trumpet: Release of the Four Angels

(9:13-21)

The Angel and the Little Scroll (ch. 10)

The Two Witnesses (11:1-14)

Seventh Trumpet: Judgments and Rewards (11:15-19)

Various Personages and Events (chs. 12-14)

The Woman and the Dragon (ch. 12)

The Two Beasts (ch. 13)

The Lamb and the 144,000 (14:1-5)

The Harvest of the Earth (14:6-20)

The Seven Bowls (chs. 15-16)

Introduction: The Song of Moses and the Seven

Angels with the Seven Plagues (ch. 15)

First Bowl: Ugly and Painful Sores (16:1-2)

Second Bowl: Sea Turns to Blood (16:3)

Third Bowl: Rivers and Springs of Water

Become Blood (16:4-7)

Fourth Bowl: Sun Scorches People with Fire

(16:8-9)

Fifth Bowl: Darkness (16:10-11)

Sixth Bowl: Euphrates River Dries Up (16:12-16)

Seventh Bowl: Tremendous Earthquake (16:17-21)

Babylon: The Great Prostitute (17:1;19:5)

Babylon Described (ch. 17)

The Fall of Babylon (ch. 18)

Praise for Babylon's Fall (19:1-5)

Praise for the Wedding of the Lamb (19:6-10)

The Return of Christ (19:11-21)

The Thousand Years (20:1-6)

Satan's Doom (20:7-10)

Great White Throne Judgment (20:11-15)

New Heaven, New Earth, New Jerusalem (21:1;22:5)

Conclusion and Benediction (22:6-21)

From the NIV Study Bible, Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Revelation

Copyright 2002 © Zondervan. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

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1Composition and setting

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1.1Title, authorship, and date

1.2Genre

1.3Sources

1.4Setting

1.5Canonical history

1.6Synods

1.7Protestant Reformation

1.8Texts and manuscripts

2Structure and content

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2.1Literary structure

2.2Outline

3Interpretations

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3.1Liturgical

3.1.1Paschal liturgical

3.1.2Oriental Orthodox

3.2Eschatological

3.2.1Eastern Orthodox

3.2.2Protestant

3.2.3Seventh-day Adventist

3.2.4Bahá'í Faith

3.2.5The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

3.2.6Esoteric

3.2.7Radical discipleship

3.3Aesthetic and literary

3.4Academic

4Old Testament origins

5Olivet discourse

6Figures in Revelation

7See also

8Notes

9References

10Bibliography

11External links

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Last book of the New Testament

"Apocalypse of John" redirects here. For other uses, see Apocalypse of John (disambiguation). For other uses, see Book of Revelation (disambiguation).

Part of a series onBooks of theNew TestamentPapyrus 46, one of the oldest New Testament papyri, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9

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 Bible portal Christianity portalvte

Part of a series of articles onJohn in the BibleSaint John the Evangelist, Domenichino

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vte

Frontispiece, Book of Revelation, Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura, 9th century

The Vision of John on Patmos by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld 1860

Very rare depiction of scenes from Revelation in an altar. Here in Kolby Church, Denmark, 1550.Christian eschatology

Contrasting beliefs

Historicism

Interpretations of Revelation

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Key terms

Abomination of desolation

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Apocalypse

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Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

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Great Apostasy

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Kingdom of God

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Last Judgment

Man of sin

New Earth

New Jerusalem

Number of the Beast

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Seven bowls

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Son of perdition

Two witnesses

War in Heaven

Whore of Babylon

Woman of the Apocalypse

World to come

Christianity portalvteThe Book of Revelation,[a] also erroneously called the Book of Revelations,[b][4] is the final book of the New Testament (and therefore the final book of the Christian Bible). Written in Koine Greek, its title is derived from the first word of the text: apokalypsis, meaning 'unveiling' or 'revelation'. The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic book in the New Testament canon.[c] It occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.

The author names himself as simply "John" in the text, but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate. Second-century Christian writers such as Papias of Hierapolis, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Melito of Sardis, Clement of Alexandria, and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the "John" of Revelation.[5][6] Modern scholarship generally takes a different view,[7] with many considering that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet.[8] Modern theological scholars characterize the Book of Revelation's author as "John of Patmos". The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian (AD 81–96), which evidence tends to confirm.[9][d]

The book spans three literary genres: the epistolary, the apocalyptic, and the prophetic.[11] It begins with John, on the island of Patmos in the Aegean Sea, addressing letters to the "Seven Churches of Asia". He then describes a series of prophetic visions, including figures such as the Seven-Headed Dragon, the Serpent, and the Beast, which culminate in the Second Coming of Jesus.

The obscure and extravagant imagery has led to a wide variety of Christian interpretations. Historicist interpretations see Revelation as containing a broad view of history while preterist interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the Apostolic Age (1st century), or, at the latest, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Futurists, meanwhile, believe that Revelation describes future events with the seven churches growing into the body of believers throughout the age, and a reemergence or continuous rule of a Greco-Roman system with modern capabilities described by John in ways familiar to him; and idealist or symbolic interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil.

Composition and setting[edit]

St. John the Evangelist on Patmos by Hieronymous Bosch, c. 1489

Title, authorship, and date[edit]

St. John receives his Revelation, Saint-Sever Beatus, 11th century

Main articles: Authorship of the Johannine works and John of Patmos

The name Revelation comes from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis), which means 'unveiling' or 'revelation'. The author names himself as "John" (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης, romanized: Iōannēs), but modern scholars consider it unlikely that the author of Revelation also wrote the Gospel of John.[12][e] He was a Jewish Christian prophet, probably belonging to a group of such prophets, and was accepted by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter.[9][15]

The book is commonly dated to about AD 95, as suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.[16] The beast with seven heads and the number 666 seem to allude directly to the emperor Nero (reigned AD 54–68), but this does not require that Revelation was written in the 60s, as there was a widespread belief in later decades that Nero would return.[17][9]

Genre[edit]

Revelation is an apocalyptic prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia, in what is now western Turkey. The seven cities where churches were located are close together, and the Island of Patmos is near the western coast of Turkey.[8] The term apocalypse means the revealing of divine mysteries;[18] John is to write down what is revealed (what he sees in his vision) and send it to the seven churches.[8] The entire book constitutes the prophecy—the letters to the seven individual churches are introductions to the rest of the book, which is addressed to all seven.[8] While the dominant genre is apocalyptic, the author sees himself as a Christian prophet: Revelation uses the word in various forms 21 times, more than any other New Testament book.[19]

Sources[edit]

The predominant view is that Revelation alludes to the Old Testament, although it is difficult among scholars to agree on the exact number of allusions or the allusions themselves.[20] Revelation rarely quotes directly from the Old Testament, yet almost every verse alludes to or echoes ideas of older scriptures. Over half of the references stem from Daniel, Ezekiel, Psalms, and Isaiah, with Daniel providing the largest number in proportion to length and Ezekiel standing out as the most influential. Because these references appear as allusions rather than as quotes, it is difficult to know whether the author used the Hebrew or the Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures, but he was often influenced by the Greek.[21]

Setting[edit]

Conventional understanding has been that the Book of Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent persecution at the hands of an emperor. This is, however, not the only interpretation; Domitian may not have been a despot imposing an imperial cult, and there may not have been any systematic empire-wide persecution of Christians in his time.[22] Revelation may instead have been composed in the context of a conflict within the Christian community of Asia Minor over whether to engage with, or withdraw from, the far larger non-Christian community: Author Mark B. Stephens posed that the Revelation chastised those Christians who wanted to reach an accommodation with the Roman cult of empire.[23] This is not to say that Christians in Roman Asia were not suffering for withdrawal from, and defiance against, the wider Roman society, which imposed very real penalties; Revelation offered a victory over this reality by offering an apocalyptic hope. In the words of professor Adela Collins, "What ought to be was experienced as a present reality."[24] There is also theological interpretation that the book mainly prophesies the end of Old Covenant order, the Jewish temple and religious economy.[25]

Canonical history[edit]

Further information: Development of the New Testament canon

Revelation was among the last books accepted into the Christian biblical canon, and to the present day some churches that derive from the Church of the East reject it.[26][27] Eastern Christians became skeptical of the book as doubts concerning its authorship and unusual style[28] were reinforced by aversion to its acceptance by Montanists and other groups considered to be heretical.[29] This distrust of the Book of Revelation persisted in the East through the 15th century.[30]

Dionysius (AD 248), bishop of Alexandria and disciple of Origen, wrote that the Book of Revelation could have been written by Cerinthus although he himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer. He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle (Eusebius, Church History VII.25).[31]

Eusebius, in his Church History (c. AD 330), mentioned that the Apocalypse of John was accepted as a canonical book and rejected at the same time:

1. [...] it is proper to sum up the writings of the New Testament which have been already mentioned... After them is to be placed, if it really seem proper, the Apocalypse of John, concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time. These then belong among the accepted writings [Homologoumena].

4. Among the rejected [Kirsopp. Lake translation: "not genuine"] writings must be reckoned, as I said, the Apocalypse of John, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books.[32]

The Apocalypse of John is counted as both accepted (Kirsopp. Lake translation: "Recognized") and disputed, which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so. The disputation can perhaps be attributed to Origen.[33] Origen seems to have accepted it in his writings.[34]

Cyril of Jerusalem (AD 348) does not name it among the canonical books (Catechesis IV.33–36).[35]

Athanasius (AD 367) in his Letter 39,[36] Augustine of Hippo (c. AD 397) in his book On Christian Doctrine (Book II, Chapter 8),[37] Tyrannius Rufinus (c. AD 400) in his Commentary on the Apostles' Creed,[38] Pope Innocent I (AD 405) in a letter to the bishop of Toulouse[39] and John of Damascus (about AD 730) in his work An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (Book IV:7)[40] listed "the Revelation of John the Evangelist" as a canonical book.

Synods[edit]

The Council of Laodicea (AD 363) omits it as a canonical book.[41]

The Decretum Gelasianum, which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553, contains a list of books of scripture presented as having been reckoned as canonical by the Council of Rome (AD 382). This list mentions it as a part of the New Testament canon.[42]

The Synod of Hippo (in AD 393),[43] followed by the Council of Carthage (397), the Council of Carthage (419), the Council of Florence (1442)[44] and the Council of Trent (1546)[45] classified it as a canonical book.[46]

The Apostolic Canons, approved by the Eastern Orthodox Council in Trullo in 692, but rejected by Pope Sergius I, omit it.[47]

Protestant Reformation[edit]

Doubts resurfaced during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther called Revelation "neither apostolic nor prophetic" in the 1522 preface to his translation of the New Testament (he revised his position with a much more favorable assessment in 1530),[48] Huldrych Zwingli labelled it "not a book of the Bible",[49] and it was the only New Testament book on which John Calvin did not write a commentary.[50] As of 2015,[update] Revelation remains the only New Testament book not read in the Divine Liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church,[51] though Catholic and Protestant liturgies include it.

Texts and manuscripts[edit]

There are fewer manuscripts of Revelation than of any other part of the New Testament.[52] As of 2020, in total, there are 310 manuscripts of Revelation. This number includes 7 papyri, 12 majuscules, and 291 minuscules. But, in fact, not all of them are available for research. Some of them have burned down, vanished, or been categorized wrongly.[53][54] While it is not extant in the Codex Vaticanus (4th century), it is extant in the other great uncial codices: the Codex Sinaiticus (4th century), the Codex Alexandrinus (5th century), and the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (5th century). In addition, there are numerous papyri, especially 47 and 115 (both 3rd century); minuscules (8th to 10th century); and fragmentary quotations in the Church fathers of the 2nd to 5th centuries and the 6th-century Greek commentary on Revelation by Andreas.[55]

Structure and content[edit]

Literary structure[edit]

Divisions in the book seem to be marked by the repetition of key phrases, by the arrangement of subject matter into blocks, and associated with its Christological passages,[56] and much use is made of significant numbers, especially the number seven, which represented perfection according to ancient numerology.[57] Nevertheless, there is a "complete lack of consensus" among scholars about the structure of Revelation.[58] The following is therefore an outline of the book's contents rather than of its structure.

Outline[edit]

Main article: Events of Revelation

See also: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Outline of the book of Revelation:

Illustration from the Bamberg Apocalypse of the Son of Man among the seven lampstands.The Revelation of Jesus Christ

The Revelation of Jesus Christ is communicated to John through prophetic visions. (1:1–9)

John is instructed by the "one like a son of man" to write all that he hears and sees, from the prophetic visions, to Seven Churches of Asia. (1:10–13)

The appearance of the "one like a son of man" is given, and he reveals what the seven stars and seven lampstands represent. (1:14–20)

Messages for seven churches of Asia

Ephesus: From this church, he "who overcomes is granted to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God." (2:1–7)

Praised for not bearing those who are evil, testing those who say they are apostles and are not, and finding them to be liars; hating the deeds of the Nicolaitans; having persevered and possessing patience.

Admonished to "do the first works" and to repent for having left their "first love."

Smyrna: From this church, those who are faithful until death, will be given "the crown of life." He who overcomes shall not be hurt by the second death. (2:8–11)

Praised for being "rich" while impoverished and in tribulation.

Admonished not to fear the "synagogue of Satan", nor fear a ten-day tribulation of being thrown into prison.

To the Church in Pergamum and Thyatir.Pergamum: From this church, he who overcomes will be given the hidden manna to eat and a white stone with a secret name on it." (2:12–17)

Praised for holding "fast to My name", not denying "My faith" even in the days of Antipas, "My faithful martyr."

Admonished to repent for having held the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel; eating things sacrificed to idols, committing sexual immorality, and holding the "doctrine of the Nicolaitans."

Thyatira: From this church, he who overcomes until the end, will be given power over the nations in order to dash them to pieces with a rod of iron; he will also be given the "morning star." (2:18–29)

Praised for their works, love, service, faith, and patience.

Admonished to repent for allowing a "prophetess" to promote sexual immorality and to eat things sacrificed to idols.

Sardis: From this church, he who overcomes will be clothed in white garments, and his name will not be blotted out from the Book of Life; his name will also be confessed before the Father and his angels. (3:1–6)

Admonished to be watchful and to strengthen since their works have not been perfect before God.

Philadelphia: From this church, he who overcomes will be made a pillar in the temple of God having the name of God, the name of the city of God, "New Jerusalem", and the Son of God's new name. (3:7–13)

Praised for having some strength, keeping "My word", and having not denied "My name."

Reminded to hold fast what they have, that no one may take their crown.

Laodicea: From this church, he who overcomes will be granted the opportunity to sit with the Son of God on his throne. (3:14–22)

Admonished to be zealous and repent from being "lukewarm"; they are instructed to buy the "gold refined in the fire", that they may be rich; to buy "white garments", that they may be clothed, so that the shame of their nakedness would not be revealed; to anoint their eyes with eye salve, that they may see.

The Lamb with the Book with Seven Seals.Before the Throne of God

The Throne of God appears, surrounded by twenty four thrones with twenty-four elders seated in them. (4:1–5)

The four living creatures are introduced. (4:6–11)

A scroll, with seven seals, is presented and it is declared that the Lion of the tribe of Judah, from the "Root of David", is the only one worthy to open this scroll. (5:1–5)

When the "Lamb having seven horns and seven eyes" took the scroll, the creatures of heaven fell down before the Lamb to give him praise, joined by myriads of angels and the creatures of the earth. (5:6–14)

Seven Seals are opened

Revelation 6.2: "And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer." White Rider from Tolkovy Apocalyps, Moscow, 17th centuryFirst Seal: A white horse appears, whose crowned rider has a bow with which to conquer. (6:1–2)

Second Seal: A red horse appears, whose rider is granted a "great sword" to take peace from the earth. (6:3–4)

Third Seal: A black horse appears, whose rider has "a pair of balances in his hand", where a voice then says, "A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and [see] thou hurt not the oil and the wine." (6:5–6)

Fourth Seal: A pale horse appears, whose rider is Death, and Hades follows him. Death is granted a fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and with the beasts of the earth. (6:7–8)

Fifth Seal: "Under the altar", appeared the souls of martyrs for the "word of God", who cry out for vengeance. They are given white robes and told to rest until the martyrdom of their brothers is completed. (6:9–11)

Sixth Seal: (6:12–17)

There occurs a great earthquake where "the sun becomes black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon like blood" (6:12).

The stars of heaven fall to the earth and the sky recedes like a scroll being rolled up (6:13–14).

Every mountain and island is moved out of place (6:14).

The people of earth retreat to caves in the mountains (6:15).

The survivors call upon the mountains and the rocks to fall on them, so as to hide them from the "wrath of the Lamb" (6:16).

Interlude: The 144,000 Hebrews are sealed.

144,000 from the Twelve Tribes of Israel are sealed as servants of God on their foreheads (7:1–8)

A great multitude stand before the Throne of God, who come out of the Great Tribulation, clothed with robes made "white in the blood of the Lamb" and having palm branches in their hands. (7:9–17)

Seventh Seal: Introduces the seven trumpets (8:1–5)

"Silence in heaven for about half an hour" (8:1).

Seven angels are each given trumpets (8:2).

An eighth angel takes a "golden censer", filled with fire from the heavenly altar, and throws it to the earth (8:3–5). What follows are "peals of thunder, rumblings, flashes of lightning, and an earthquake" (8:5).

After the eighth angel has devastated the earth, the seven angels introduced in verse 2 prepare to sound their trumpets (8:6).

The Seven Trumpets and the angel with a censer.Seven trumpets are sounded (Seen in Chapters 8, 9, and 12).

First Trumpet: Hail and fire, mingled with blood, are thrown to the earth burning up a third of the trees and green grass. (8:6–7)

Second Trumpet: Something that resembles a great mountain, burning with fire, falls from the sky and lands in the ocean. It kills a third of the sea creatures and destroys a third of the ships at sea. (8:8–9)

Third Trumpet: A great star, named Wormwood, falls from heaven and poisons a third of the rivers and springs of water. (8:10–11)

Fourth Trumpet: A third of the sun, the moon, and the stars are darkened creating complete darkness for a third of the day and the night. (8:12–13)

Fifth Trumpet: The First Woe (9:1–12)

A "star" falls from the sky (9:1).

This "star" is given "the key to the bottomless pit" (9:1).

The "star" then opens the bottomless pit. When this happens, "smoke [rises] from [the Abyss] like smoke from a gigantic furnace. The sun and sky [are] darkened by the smoke from the Abyss" (9:2).

The Fourth Angel sounds his trumpet, Apocalypse 8, Beatus Escorial, c. 950From out of the smoke, locusts who are "given power like that of scorpions of the earth" (9:3), who are commanded not to harm anyone or anything except for people who were not given the "seal of God" on their foreheads (from chapter 7) (9:4).

The "locusts" are described as having a human appearance (faces and hair) but with lion's teeth, and wearing "breastplates of iron"; the sound of their wings resembles "the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle" (9:7–9).

Sixth Trumpet: The Second Woe (9:13–21)

The four angels bound to the great river Euphrates are released to prepare two hundred million horsemen.

These armies kill a third of mankind by plagues of fire, smoke, and brimstone.

Interlude: The little scroll. (10:1–11)

An angel appears, with one foot on the sea and one foot on the land, having an opened little book in his hand.

Upon the cry of the angel, seven thunders utter mysteries and secrets that are not to be written down by John.

John is instructed to eat the little scroll that happens to be sweet in his mouth, but bitter in his stomach, and to prophesy.

John is given a measuring rod to measure the temple of God, the altar, and those who worship there.

Outside the temple, at the court of the holy city, it is trod by the nations for forty-two months (3+1⁄2 years).

Two witnesses prophesy for 1,260 days, clothed in sackcloth. (11:1–14)

Seventh Trumpet: The Third Woe that leads into the seven bowls (11:15–19)

The temple of God opens in heaven, where the ark of his covenant can be seen. There are lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail.

The Seven Spiritual Figures. (Events leading into the Third Woe)

A Woman "clothed with a white robe, with the sun at her back, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars" is in pregnancy with a male child. (12:1–2)

Apocalypse 12, the Woman and the Dragon. Beatus d'Osma, 11th centuryA great Dragon (with seven heads, ten horns, and seven crowns on his heads) drags a third of the stars of Heaven with his tail, and throws them to the Earth. (12:3–4). The Dragon waits for the birth of the child so he can devour it. However, sometime after the child is born, he is caught up to God's throne while the Woman flees into the wilderness into her place prepared of God that they should feed her there for 1,260 days (3+1⁄2 years). (12:5–6). War breaks out in heaven between Michael and the Dragon, identified as that old Serpent, the Devil, or Satan (12:9). After a great fight, the Dragon and his angels are cast out of Heaven for good, followed by praises of victory for God's kingdom. (12:7–12). The Dragon engages to persecute the Woman, but she is given aid to evade him. Her evasiveness enrages the Dragon, prompting him to wage war against the rest of her offspring, who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. (12:13–17)

A seven-headed leopard-like beast, Apocalypse 13, Beatus EscorialA Beast (with seven heads, ten horns, and ten crowns on his horns and on his heads names of blasphemy) emerges from the Sea, having one mortally wounded head that is then healed. The people of the world wonder and follow the Beast. The Dragon grants him power and authority for forty-two months. (13:1–5)

The Beast of the Sea blasphemes God's name (along with God's tabernacle and his kingdom and all who dwell in Heaven), wages war against the Saints, and overcomes them. (13:6–10)

Then, a Beast emerges from the Earth having two horns like a lamb, speaking like a dragon. He directs people to make an image of the Beast of the Sea who was wounded yet lives, breathing life into it, and forcing all people to bear "the mark of the Beast". The number of the beast the Bible says is "666". Events leading into the Third Woe:

The Lamb stands on Mount Zion with the 144,000 "first fruits" who are redeemed from Earth and victorious over the Beast and his mark and image. (14:1–5)

The proclamations of three angels. (14:6–13)

One like the Son of Man reaps the earth. (14:14–16)

A second angel reaps "the vine of the Earth" and throws it into "the great winepress of the wrath of God... and blood came out of the winepress... up to one thousand six hundred stadia." (14:17–20)

The temple of the tabernacle, in Heaven, is opened (15:1–5), beginning the "Seven Bowls" revelation.

Seven angels are given a golden bowl, from the Four Living Creatures, that contains the seven last plagues bearing the wrath of God. (15:6–8)

Angels with the seven the seven plagues.Seven bowls are poured onto Earth:

First Bowl: A "foul and malignant sore" afflicts the followers of the Beast. (16:1–2)

Second Bowl: The Sea turns to blood and everything within it dies. (16:3)

Third Bowl: All fresh water turns to blood. (16:4–7)

Fourth Bowl: The Sun scorches the Earth with intense heat and even burns some people with fire. (16:8–9)

Fifth Bowl: There is total darkness and great pain in the Beast's kingdom. (16:10–11)

Sixth Bowl: The Great River Euphrates is dried up and preparations are made for the kings of the East and the final battle at Armageddon between the forces of good and evil. (16:12–16)

Seventh Bowl: A great earthquake and heavy hailstorm: "every island fled away and the mountains were not found." (16:17–21)

Aftermath: Vision of John given by "an angel who had the seven bowls"

The great Harlot who sits on a scarlet Beast (with seven heads and ten horns and names of blasphemy all over its body) and by many waters: Babylon the Great. The angel showing John the vision of the Harlot and the scarlet Beast reveals their identities and fates (17:1–18)

New Babylon is destroyed. (18:1–8)

The people of the Earth (the kings, merchants, sailors, etc.) mourn New Babylon's destruction. (18:9–19)

The permanence of New Babylon's destruction. (18:20–24)

The Marriage Supper of the Lamb

A great multitude praises God. (19:1–6)

The marriage Supper of the Lamb. (19:7–10)

The Judgment of the two Beasts, the Dragon, and the Dead (19:11–20:15)

The Beast and the False Prophet are cast into the Lake of Fire. (19:11–21)

The Dragon is imprisoned in the Bottomless Pit for a thousand years. (20:1–3)

The resurrected martyrs live and reign with Christ for a thousand years. (20:4–6)

After the Thousand Years

The Dragon is released and goes out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth—Gog and Magog—and gathers them for battle at the holy city. The Dragon makes war against the people of God, but is defeated. (20:7–9)

The Dragon is cast into the Lake of Fire with the Beast and the False Prophet. (20:10)

The Last Judgment: the wicked, along with Death and Hades, are cast into the Lake of Fire, which is the second death. (20:11–15)

The angel showing John the New Jerusalem, with the Lamb of God at its center.The New Heaven and Earth, and New Jerusalem

A "new heaven" and "new earth" replace the old heaven and old earth. There is no more suffering or death. (21:1–8)

God comes to dwell with humanity in the New Jerusalem. (21:2–8)

Description of the New Jerusalem. (21:9–27)

The River of Life and the Tree of Life appear for the healing of the nations and peoples. The curse of sin is ended. (22:1–5)

Conclusion

Christ's reassurance that his coming is imminent. Final admonitions. (22:6–21)

Interpretations[edit]

Revelation has a wide variety of interpretations, ranging from the simple historical interpretation, to a prophetic view on what will happen in the future by way of God's will and the Woman's (traditionally believed to be the Virgin Mary) victory over Satan ("symbolic interpretation"), to different end time scenarios ("futurist interpretation"),[59][60] to the views of critics who deny any spiritual value to Revelation at all,[61] ascribing it to a human-inherited archetype.

Liturgical[edit]

Paschal liturgical[edit]

This interpretation, which has found expression among both Catholic and Protestant theologians, considers the liturgical worship, particularly the Easter rites, of early Christianity as background and context for understanding the Book of Revelation's structure and significance. This perspective is explained in The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse (new edition, 2004) by Massey H. Shepherd, an Episcopal scholar, and in Scott Hahn's The Lamb's Supper: The Mass as Heaven on Earth (1999), in which he states that Revelation in form is structured after creation, fall, judgment and redemption. Those who hold this view say that the Temple's destruction (AD 70) had a profound effect on the Jewish people, not only in Jerusalem but among the Greek-speaking Jews of the Mediterranean.[62]

They believe the Book of Revelation provides insight into the early Eucharist, saying that it is the new Temple worship in the New Heaven and Earth. The idea of the Eucharist as a foretaste of the heavenly banquet is also explored by British Methodist Geoffrey Wainwright in his book Eucharist and Eschatology (Oxford University Press, 1980). According to Pope Benedict XVI some of the images of Revelation should be understood in the context of the dramatic suffering and persecution of the churches of Asia in the 1st century.[63]

Accordingly, they argue, the Book of Revelation should not be read as an enigmatic warning, but as an encouraging vision of Christ's definitive victory over evil.[64]

Oriental Orthodox[edit]

"Christ in Glory (Pankrator)," ca. 6th-8th Century CE, wall painting from the Monastery of Bawit. The Coptic iconography represents many elements from the Book of Revelation.

In the Coptic Orthodox Church the whole Book of Revelation is read during Apocalypse Night after Good Friday.[65] Biblically Ugo Vanni and other biblical scholars have argued that the Book of Revelation was written with the intention to be read entirely in one liturgical setting with dialogue-elements between the reader (singular) and the hearers (plural) based on Rev 1:3 and Rev 1:10.[66] Beniamin Zakhary has recently shown that the structure of the reading the Book of Revelation within the Coptic rite of Apocalypse Night (this is the only biblical reading in the Coptic church with a dialogue in it, where the reader stops many times and the people respond; additionally the entire book is read in a liturgical setting that culminates with the Eucharist) shows great support for this biblical hypothesis, albeit with some notable difference.[67]

Additionally, the Book of Revelation permeates many liturgical prayers and iconography within the Coptic Church.[67][68]

Eschatological[edit]

Most Christian interpretations fall into one or more of the following categories:

Historicism, which sees in Revelation a broad view of history;

Preterism, in which Revelation mostly refers to the events of the apostolic era (1st century) or, at the latest, the fall of Jerusalem[69] or the Roman Empire;

Futurism, which believes that Revelation describes future events (modern believers in this interpretation are often called "millennialists"); and

Idealism/Allegoricalism, which holds that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events, but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil.

Additionally, there are significant differences in interpretation of the thousand years (the "millennium") mentioned in Revelation 20:2.

Premillennialism, which holds a literal interpretation of the "millennium" and generally prefers literal interpretations of the content of the book;

Amillennialism, which rejects a literal interpretation of the "millennium" and generally prefers allegorical interpretations of the content of the book; and

Postmillennialism, which includes both literal and allegorical interpretations of the "millennium" but views the Second Coming as following the conversion to Christianity of a gradually improving world.[70]

Eastern Orthodox[edit]

An Orthodox icon of the Apocalypse of St. John, 16th century

Eastern Orthodoxy treats the text as simultaneously describing contemporaneous events (events occurring at the same time) and as prophecy of events to come, for which the contemporaneous events were a form of foreshadow. It rejects attempts to determine, before the fact, if the events of Revelation are occurring by mapping them onto present-day events, taking to heart the Scriptural warning against those who proclaim "He is here!" prematurely. Instead, the book is seen as a warning to be spiritually and morally ready for the end times, whenever they may come ("as a thief in the night"), but they will come at the time of God's choosing, not something that can be precipitated nor trivially deduced by mortals.[71]

Book of Revelation is the only book of the New Testament that is not read during services by the Byzantine Rite Churches, although it is read in the Western Rite Orthodox Parishes, which are under the same bishops as the Byzantine Rite.

Protestant[edit]

Main article: Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation

Seventh-day Adventist[edit]

Main article: Historicism (Christianity) § Seventh-day Adventists

Similar to the early Protestants, Adventists maintain a historicist interpretation of the Bible's predictions of the apocalypse.[72]

Seventh-day Adventists believe the Book of Revelation is especially relevant to believers in the days preceding the second coming of Jesus Christ. "The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but in the last days, a time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus."[73] "Here is the patience of the saints; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus."[74] As participatory agents in the work of salvation for all humankind, "This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent."[75] The three angels of Revelation 14 represent the people who accept the light of God's messages and go forth as his agents to sound the warning throughout the length and breadth of the earth.[76]

Bahá'í Faith[edit]

By reasoning analogous with Millerite historicism, Bahá'u'lláh's doctrine of progressive revelation, a modified historicist method of interpreting prophecy, is identified in the teachings of the Bahá'í Faith.[77]

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the son and chosen successor of Bahá'u'lláh, has given some interpretations about the 11th and 12th chapters of Revelation in Some Answered Questions.[78][79] The 1,260 days spoken of in the forms: one thousand two hundred and sixty days,[80] forty-two months,[81] refers to the 1,260 years in the Islamic Calendar (AH 1260 or AD 1844). The "two witnesses" spoken of are Muhammad and Ali.[82] The red Dragon spoken of in Revelation 12:3 – "And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads"[83] – are interpreted as symbolic of the seven provinces dominated by the Umayyads: Damascus, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Africa, Andalusia, and Transoxania. The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty: Abu Sufyan, Muawiya, Yazid, Marwan, Abd al-Malik, Walid, Sulayman, Umar, Hisham, and Ibrahim. Some names were re-used, as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III and the like, which were not counted for this interpretation.[84]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]

The Book of Mormon states that John the Apostle is the author of Revelation and that he was foreordained by God to write it.[85][non-primary source needed]

Doctrine and Covenants, section 77, postulates answers to specific questions regarding the symbolism contained in the Book of Revelation.[86][non-primary source needed] Topics include: the sea of glass, the four beasts and their appearance, the 24 elders, the book with seven seals, certain angels, the sealing of the 144,000, the little book eaten by John, and the two witnesses in Chapter 11.

Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that the warning contained in Revelation 22:18–19[87][non-primary source needed] does not refer to the biblical canon as a whole.[88] Rather, an open and ongoing dialogue between God and the modern-day Prophet and Apostles of the LDS faith constitute an open canon of scripture.[86][89]

Esoteric[edit]

Christian Gnostics are unlikely to be attracted to the teaching of Revelation because the doctrine of salvation through the sacrificed Lamb, which is central to Revelation, is repugnant to Gnostics. Christian Gnostics "believed in the Forgiveness of Sins, but in no vicarious sacrifice for sin ... they accepted Christ in the full realisation of the word; his life, not his death, was the keynote of their doctrine and their practice."[90]

James Morgan Pryse was an esoteric gnostic who saw Revelation as a western version of the Hindu theory of the Chakra. He began his work, "The purpose of this book is to show that the Apocalypse is a manual of spiritual development and not, as conventionally interpreted, a cryptic history or prophecy."[91] Such diverse theories have failed to command widespread acceptance. However, Christopher Rowland argues: "there are always going to be loose threads which refuse to be woven into the fabric as a whole. The presence of the threads which stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the neat tapestry of our world-view does not usually totally undermine that view."[92]

Radical discipleship[edit]

The radical discipleship interpretation asserts that the Book of Revelation is best understood as a handbook for radical discipleship; i.e. how to remain faithful to the spirit and teachings of Jesus and avoid simply assimilating to surrounding society. In this interpretation the primary agenda of the book is to expose as impostors the worldly powers that seek to oppose the ways of God and God's Kingdom.[citation needed] The chief temptation for Christians in the 1st century, and today, is to fail to hold fast to the non-violent teachings and example of Jesus and instead be lured into unquestioning adoption and assimilation of worldly, national or cultural values – imperialism, nationalism, and civil religion being the most dangerous and insidious.[citation needed]

This perspective (closely related to liberation theology) draws on the approach of Bible scholars such as Ched Myers, William Stringfellow, Richard Horsley, Daniel Berrigan, Wes Howard-Brook,[93] and Joerg Rieger.[94] Various Christian anarchists, such as Jacques Ellul, have identified the State and political power as the Beast[95] and the events described, being their doings and results, the aforementioned 'wrath'.

Aesthetic and literary[edit]

This artwork from Augsburger Wunderzeichenbuch illustrates Revelation 11:5-8: "And if anyone would harm them, fire pours from their mouth and consumes their foes. If anyone would harm them, this is how he is doomed to be killed... And when they have finished their testimony, the beast that rises from the bottomless pit will make war on them and conquer them and kill them, and their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city." (c. 1550)

Literary writers and theorists have contributed to a wide range of theories about the origins and purpose of the Book of Revelation. Some of these writers have no connection with established Christian faiths but, nevertheless, found in Revelation a source of inspiration. Revelation has been approached from Hindu philosophy and Jewish Midrash. Others have pointed to aspects of composition which have been ignored such as the similarities of prophetic inspiration to modern poetic inspiration, or the parallels with Greek drama. In recent years, theories have arisen which concentrate upon how readers and texts interact to create meaning and which are less interested in what the original author intended.[96]

Charles Cutler Torrey taught Semitic languages at Yale University. His lasting contribution has been to show how prophets, such as the scribe of Revelation, are much more meaningful when treated as poets first and foremost. He thought this was a point often lost sight of because most English bibles render everything in prose.[97] Poetry was also the reason John never directly quoted the older prophets. Had he done so, he would have had to use their (Hebrew) poetry whereas he wanted to write his own. Torrey insisted Revelation had originally been written in Aramaic.[98]

According to Torrey, "The Fourth Gospel was brought to Ephesus by a Christian fugitive from Palestine soon after the middle of the first century. It was written in Aramaic." Later, the Ephesians claimed this fugitive had actually been the beloved disciple himself. Subsequently, this John was banished by Nero and died on Patmos after writing Revelation. Torrey argued that until AD 80, when Christians were expelled from the synagogues,[99] the Christian message was always first heard in the synagogue and, for cultural reasons, the evangelist would have spoken in Aramaic, else "he would have had no hearing."[100] Torrey showed how the three major songs in Revelation (the new song, the song of Moses and the Lamb and the chorus at 19: 6–8) each fall naturally into four regular metrical lines plus a coda.[101] Other dramatic moments in Revelation, such as 6:16 where the terrified people cry out to be hidden, behave in a similar way.[102] The surviving Greek translation was a literal translation that aimed to comply with the warning at Revelation 22:18 that the text must not be "corrupted" in any way.

Christina Rossetti was a Victorian poet who believed the sensual excitement of the natural world found its meaningful purpose in death and in God.[103] Her The Face of the Deep is a meditation upon the Apocalypse. In her view, what Revelation has to teach is patience.[f] Patience is the closest to perfection the human condition allows.[105] Her book, which is largely written in prose, frequently breaks into poetry or jubilation, much like Revelation itself. The relevance of John's visions[g] belongs to Christians of all times as a continuous present meditation. Such matters are eternal and outside of normal human reckoning. "That winter which will be the death of Time has no promise of termination. Winter that returns not to spring ... – who can bear it?"[106] She dealt deftly with the vengeful aspects of John's message. "A few are charged to do judgment; everyone without exception is charged to show mercy."[107] Her conclusion is that Christians should see John as "representative of all his brethren" so they should "hope as he hoped, love as he loved."[108]

Recently, aesthetic and literary modes of interpretation have developed, which focus on Revelation as a work of art and imagination, viewing the imagery as symbolic depictions of timeless truths and the victory of good over evil. Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza wrote Revelation: Vision of a Just World from the viewpoint of rhetoric.[109] Accordingly, Revelation's meaning is partially determined by the way John goes about saying things, partially by the context in which readers receive the message and partially by its appeal to something beyond logic.[110]

Professor Schüssler Fiorenza believes that Revelation has particular relevance today as a liberating message to disadvantaged groups. John's book is a vision of a just world, not a vengeful threat of world-destruction. Her view that Revelation's message is not gender-based has caused dissent. She says humanity is to look behind the symbols rather than make a fetish out of them. In contrast, Tina Pippin states that John writes "horror literature" and "the misogyny which underlies the narrative is extreme."[110]

D. H. Lawrence took an opposing, pessimistic view of Revelation in the final book he wrote, Apocalypse.[111] He saw the language which Revelation used as being bleak and destructive; a 'death-product'. Instead, he wanted to champion a public-spirited individualism (which he identified with the historical Jesus supplemented by an ill-defined cosmic consciousness) against its two natural enemies. One of these he called "the sovereignty of the intellect"[112] which he saw in a technology-based totalitarian society. The other enemy he styled "vulgarity"[113] and that was what he found in Revelation. "It is very nice if you are poor and not humble ... to bring your enemies down to utter destruction, while you yourself rise up to grandeur. And nowhere does this happen so splendiferously than in Revelation."[114] Lawrence did not consider how these two types of Christianity (good and bad in his view) might be related other than as opposites. He noted the difference meant that the John who wrote a gospel could not be the same John who wrote Revelation.

His specific aesthetic objections to Revelation were that its imagery was unnatural and that phrases like "the wrath of the Lamb" were "ridiculous." He saw Revelation as comprising two discordant halves. In the first, there was a scheme of cosmic renewal in "great Chaldean sky-spaces", which he quite liked. After that, Lawrence thought, the book became preoccupied with the birth of the baby messiah and "flamboyant hate and simple lust ... for the end of the world." Lawrence coined the term "Patmossers" to describe those Christians who could only be happy in paradise if they knew their enemies were suffering in hell.[115]

Academic[edit]

Further information: higher criticism and apocalyptic literature

Modern biblical scholarship attempts to understand Revelation in its 1st-century historical context within the genre of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature.[116] This approach considers the text as an address to seven historical communities in Asia Minor. Under this interpretation, assertions that "the time is near" are to be taken literally by those communities. Consequently, the work is viewed as a warning not to conform to contemporary Greco-Roman society which John "unveils" as beastly, demonic, and subject to divine judgment.[116]

New Testament narrative criticism also places Revelation in its first century historical context but approaches the book from a literary perspective.[117] For example, narrative critics examine characters and characterization, literary devices, settings, plot, themes, point of view, implied reader, implied author, and other constitutive features of narratives in their analysis of the book.

Although the acceptance of Revelation into the canon has, from the beginning, been controversial, it has been essentially similar to the career of other texts.[118] The eventual exclusion of other contemporary apocalyptic literature from the canon may throw light on the unfolding historical processes of what was officially considered orthodox, what was heterodox, and what was even heretical.[118] Interpretation of meanings and imagery are anchored in what the historical author intended and what his contemporary audience inferred; a message to Christians not to assimilate into the Roman imperial culture was John's central message.[116] Thus, the letter (written in the apocalyptic genre) is pastoral in nature (its purpose is offering hope to the downtrodden),[119] and the symbolism of Revelation is to be understood entirely within its historical, literary, and social context.[119] Critics study the conventions of apocalyptic literature and events of the 1st century to make sense of what the author may have intended.[119]

Scholar Barbara Whitlock pointed out a similarity between the consistent destruction of thirds depicted in the Book of Revelation (a third of mankind by plagues of fire, smoke, and brimstone, a third of the trees and green grass, a third of the sea creatures and a third of the ships at sea, etc.) and the Iranian mythology evil character Zahhak or Dahāg, depicted in the Avesta, the earliest religious texts of Zoroastrianism. Dahāg is mentioned as wreaking much evil in the world until at last chained up and imprisoned on the mythical Mt. Damāvand. The Middle Persian sources prophesy that at the end of the world, Dahāg will at last burst his bonds and ravage the world, consuming one in three humans and livestock, until the ancient hero Kirsāsp returns to life to kill Dahāg. Whitlock wrote: "Zoroastrianism, the state religion of the Roman Empire's main rival, was part of the intellectual environment in which Christianity came into being, just as were Judaism, the Greek-Roman religion, and the worship of Isis and Mithras. A Zoroastrian influence is completely plausible".[120]

Old Testament origins[edit]

Much of Revelation employs ancient sources, primarily but not exclusively from the Old Testament. For example, Howard-Brook and Gwyther[121] regard the Book of Enoch as an equally significant but contextually different source. "Enoch's journey has no close parallel in the Hebrew scriptures."

Academics showed little interest in this topic until recently.[122] An anonymous Scottish commentary of 1871[123] prefaces Revelation 4 with the Little Apocalypse of Mark 13, places Malachi 4:5 ("Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord") within Revelation 11 and writes Revelation 12:7 side by side with the role of "the Satan" in the Book of Job. The message is that everything in Revelation will happen in its previously appointed time.[124]

Steve Moyise uses the index of the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament to show that "Revelation contains more Old Testament allusions than any other New Testament book, but it does not record a single quotation."[125] Perhaps significantly, Revelation chooses different sources than other New Testament books. Revelation concentrates on Isaiah, Psalms, and Ezekiel, while neglecting, comparatively speaking, the books of the Pentateuch that are the dominant sources for other New Testament writers.[citation needed]

Yet, with Revelation, the problems might be judged more fundamental. The author seems to be using his sources in a completely different way to the originals. For example, the author borrows the 'new temple' imagery of Ezekiel 40–48 but uses it to describe a New Jerusalem which, quite pointedly, no longer needs a temple because it is God's dwelling. Ian Boxall[126] writes that Revelation "is no montage of biblical quotations (that is not John's way) but a wealth of allusions and evocations rewoven into something new and creative." In trying to identify this "something new", Boxall argues that Ezekiel provides the 'backbone' for Revelation. He sets out a comparative table listing the chapters of Revelation in sequence and linking most of them to the structurally corresponding chapter in Ezekiel. The interesting point is that the order is not the same. John, on this theory, rearranges Ezekiel to suit his own purposes.[citation needed]

Some commentators argue that it is these purposes – and not the structure – that really matter. G. K. Beale believes that, however much John makes use of Ezekiel, his ultimate purpose is to present Revelation as a fulfillment of Daniel 7.[127] Richard Bauckham has argued that John presents an early view of the Trinity through his descriptions of the visions and his identifying Jesus and the Holy Spirit with YHWH.[128] Brandon Smith has expanded on both of their proposals while proposing a "trinitarian reading" of Revelation, arguing that John uses Old Testament language and allusions from various sources to describe a multiplicity of persons in YHWH without sacrificing monotheism, which would later be codified in the trinitarian doctrine of Nicene Christianity.[129]

Olivet discourse[edit]

According to James Stuart Russell, the book is an exposition of Olivet Discourse found in the Synoptic Gospels in Matthew 24 and 25, Mark 13, and Luke 21. Russell suggests there are parallels between the prophecy told by Jesus to the disciples and the prophecy recorded in the Book of Revelation, such as wars, famines, pestilence, earthquakes, false prophets, the darkening of the sun and moon, and stars falling from heaven.[130]

Figures in Revelation[edit]

In order of appearance:

The author (see John the Apostle or John of Patmos)

One like the Son of man who gives the revelation

Antipas, the faithful martyr

Nicolaitans

Jezebel

The One who sits on the throne (God)

The four living creatures

The twenty four elders

The Lamb, with seven horns and seven eyes (Lion of Judah)

Saints under the altar

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

The souls of them that were slain for the word of God

Four angels holding the four winds of the Earth

The seal-bearer angel (144,000 of Israel sealed)

A great multitude from every nation

Seven angelic trumpeters

The star called Wormwood

Angel of Woe

Scorpion-tailed Locusts

The angel of the bottomless pit (Hebrew: Abaddon, Greek: Apollyon)

Four angels bound to the great river Euphrates

Two hundred million man cavalry

The mighty angel with little book open and when he cried of seven thunders uttered their voices

The Two Witnesses

The Woman and her child

The Dragon, fiery red with seven heads and ten horns (Satan)

Saint Michael the Archangel

The Beast, with seven heads and ten horns (Antichrist/Beast of the Sea)

The False Prophet (Beast of the Earth)

The three angels

The angelic reapers and the grapes of wrath

Voice from heaven

Seven plague angels (Seven bowls of wrath)

Angel of the waters

The Whore of Babylon (Mother of harlots)

Word of God/Rider on a white horse

Angel binding Satan for one thousand years

Those of the first resurrection

Gog and Magog (after the one thousand years)

Those of the second resurrection

See also[edit]

Christianity portal

Alpha and Omega

The Apocalypse – 2000 film

Apocalypse of John – dated astronomically

Apocalypse of Peter

Apocalypse of Zerubbabel

Apocalypticism

Arethas of Caesarea

Biblical cosmology

Biblical numerology

Book of Ezekiel

Christian eschatological differences

Day-year principle

English Apocalypse manuscripts

Horae Apocalypticae

Maccabees

Masada

The New Earth

Number of the Beast

Textual variants in the Book of Revelation

Vespasian

Woman of the Apocalypse

Notes[edit]

^ The book is sometimes called the Revelation to John,[1] or the Apocalypse of John.[2] It is most commonly abbreviated as "Rev."[3]

^ In the original Greek, the word apokalypsis is singular, indicating a single revelation, rather than plural, which would suggest multiple revelations.

^ Other apocalypses popular in the early Christian era did not achieve canonical status. 2 Esdras (also known as the Apocalypse of Ezra) is recognized as canonical in Ethiopian Orthodox churches, but as part of the Old Testament.

^ However, among recent writers, John Behr[10] argues that Irenaeus and the earliest traditions of the church placed the writing in the reign of Nero.

^ The Gospel of John itself is considered to be an anonymous work, with the appellation of the name 'John' to its author and the identification of this 'John' as John the Apostle only attributable to church tradition, beginning with Irenaeus (c. 130 – c. 202 AD). Most scholars have abandoned this hypothesis or hold it only tenuously[13] – there are multiple reasons for this conclusion, including, for example, the fact that the gospel is written in good Greek and displays sophisticated theology, and is therefore unlikely to have been the work of a simple fisherman.[14] See Gospel of John#Authorship for further details.

^ Rossetti remarks that patience is a word which does not occur in the Bible until the New Testament, as if the usage first came from Christ's own lips.[104]

^ 'Vision' lends the wrong emphasis as Rossetti sought to minimise the distinction between John's experience and that of others. She quoted 1 John 3:24, "He abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us" to show that when John says, "I was in the Spirit" it is not exceptional.

References[edit]

^ ESV Pew Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 1028. ISBN 978-1-4335-6343-0. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021.

^ "What is the Book of Revelation?". PBS Frontline. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

^ "Bible Book Abbreviations". Logos Bible Software. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

^ Martin, Dale B. (6 April 2012). "The Last Trumpet". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

^ Carson, Don (2005). An Introduction to the New Testament (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. pp. 465ff. ISBN 978-0-310-51940-9.

^ Holmes, Michael (2007). The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations. Baker Academic. p. 749ff. ISBN 978-0801034688.

^ Collins 1984, p. 28.

^ a b c d Bauckham 1993, p. 2.

^ a b c Stuckenbruck 2003, pp. 1535–1536.

^ Behr, John (2019). John the Theologian and his Paschal Gospel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-257444-2.

^ Stuckenbruck 2003, p. 1536.

^ Collins 1984, pp. 28–29.

^ Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, p. 41.

^ Kelly 2012, p. 115.

^ Bauckham 1993, p. 2, 24–25.

^ Perkins 2012, p. 19ff.

^ Collins 1984, p. 100.

^ McKim 2014, p. 16.

^ Couch 2001, p. 81.

^ Fekkes, Jan (1994). Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation: Visionary Antecedents and their Development (The Library of New Testament Studies). Bloomsbury T&T Clark. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-1-85075-456-5.

^ Beale & McDonough 2007, pp. 1081–1084.

^ Stephens 2011, pp. 143–145.

^ Stephens 2011, p. 152.

^ Collins 1984, p. 154.

^ Chilton, David (2011). The Days of Vengeance. Tyler, Texas: Dominion Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-930462-09-3.

^ Wall 2011, p. no page number.

^ Taylor, David G. K. (11 September 2002). "Christian regional diversity". In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds. Routledge (published 2002). p. 338. ISBN 978-1-134-54919-1. Retrieved 28 December 2015. [...] the minor Catholic epistles and Revelation continued to be omitted, and are still not included in the canon of the church of the East which was geographically (and from the late-fifth century doctrinally) isolated in the Persian empire.

^ Pattemore 2004, p. 1.

^ Stonehouse n.d., pp. 138–142.

^ Eugenia Scarvelis Constantinou (editor) Commentary on the Apocalypse by Andrew of Caesarea (CUA Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-8132-0123-8), pp. 3–6

^ of Caesarea, Eusebius. Church History, Book VII Chapter 25. newadvent. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

^ of Caesarea, Eusebius. Church History, Book III Chapter 25. newadvent. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

^ Kalin, ER (1990), "Re-examining New Testament Canon History: 1. The Canon of Origen", Currents in Theology and Mission, 17: 274–82

^ Origen. Church Fathers: Commentary on John, Book V: 3 (Origen). Retrieved 15 October 2017.

^ of Jerusalem, Cyril. Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

^ of Alexandria, Athanasius. Church Fathers: Letter 39 (Athanasius). newadvent. Retrieved 14 October 2016.

^ of Hippo, Augustine. On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

^ of Aquileia, Rufinus. Commentary on the Apostles' Creed #37. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

^ "Letter of Innocent I on the Canon of Scripture". www.bible-researcher.com.

^ of Damascus, John. An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, Book IV Chapter 17. newadvent. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

^ of Laodicea, Synod. Synod of Laodicea Canon 60. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

^ Pearse, Roger. "Tertullian : Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)". www.tertullian.org.

^ "Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)", The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage, Christian Classics Ethereal Library

^ "Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel". ewtn.com.

^ "Paul III Council of Trent-4". ewtn.com.

^ "Church Fathers: Council of Carthage (A.D. 419)". New Advent.

^ in Trullo, Council. The Apostolic Canons. Canon 85. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

^ Lohse 1988, pp. 322, 337–338.

^

Glasson, T.F. (1965). "How was the Book received by the Church?". In Glasson, T.F. (ed.). The Revelation of John. Cambridge Bible Commentaries on the New Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. Retrieved 29 June 2019. Zwingli, the Swiss Reformer, said, '[The Book of Revelation] is not a book of the Bible'.

^ Hoekema 1979, p. 297.

^ Boring, M. Eugene (1989). Revelation. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press (published 2011). p. 3. ISBN 978-0-664-23628-1. Retrieved 29 June 2019. To this day, Catholic and Protestant lectionaries have only minimal readings from Revelation, and the Greek Orthodox lectionary omits it altogether.

^ Parker 2008, p. 227.

^ Koester 2020, p. 344.

^ Allen 2020, p. 12.

^ Pate 2010, p. no page number.

^ Tenney 1988, pp. 32–41.

^ Senior & Getty 1990, pp. 398–399.

^ Mounce 1998, p. 32.

^ Robert J. Karris (ed.) The Collegeville Bible Commentary Liturgical Press, 1992 p. 1296.

^ Ken Bowers, Hiding in plain sight, Cedar Fort, 2000 p. 175.

^ Carl Gustav Jung in his autobiography Memories Dream Reflections said "I will not discuss the transparent prophecies of the Book of Revelation because no one believes in them and the whole subject is felt to be an embarrassing one."

^ Scott Hahn, The Lamb's Supper: The Mass as Heaven on Earth, ISBN 0-385-49659-1. New York: Doubleday, 1999.

^ Benedict XVI, Pope. "John, the Seer of Patmos". Vatican.va. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 31 May 2020.

^ Catholic Online (23 August 2006). "Pope Benedict: Read Book of Revelation as Christ's victory over evil – International – Catholic Online". Catholic.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

^ "Night of the Apocalypse" Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, published by Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States, accessed 23 May 2018

^ Vanni, Ugo (1991). "Liturgical Dialogue as a Literary Form in the Book of Revelation". New Testament Studies. 37 (3): 348–372. doi:10.1017/S0028688500015927. ISSN 1469-8145. S2CID 170638316.

^ a b Beniamin Zakhary. (2022). Support For The Biblical Liturgy of Revelation in the Coptic Tradition. Doxology, 33(4), 6–23. [1][2] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8060812

^ Morkos Fakhry, The Book of Revelation and the Church of Alexandria, (Coptic Orthodox Church) (Fairfax, VA: Eastern Christian Publications, 2019).

^ Russell, James (1887). The Parousia. United Kingdom: Bierton Strict and Particular Baptists. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-1-519610-94-2.

^ Johnson, Dennis E. (2008). "Introduction to Revelation". ESV Study Bible. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway. ISBN 978-1433502415.

^ Averky (Taushev), Archbishop (1996). Eng. tr. Fr. Seraphim Rose (ed.). The Apocalypse: In the Teachings of Ancient Christianity. Platina, California: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. ISBN 978-0-938635-67-3.

^ Holbrook, Frank (July 1983). "What prophecy means to this church". Ministry, International Journal for Pastors. 56 (7): 21. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

^ "Seventh-day Adventist 28 Fundamental Beliefs" (PDF). The Official Site of the Seventh-day Adventist World Church. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

^ "Revelation 14:12". Biblia.com. Logos Research Systems. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

^ "The Remnant and its Mission". The Official Site of the Seventh-day Adventist World Church. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

^ "Councils to the Church". Ellen G. White Writings. White Estate. p. 58. Retrieved 5 October 2018.

^ "The Final Consummation: American Bahá'ís, Millerites and Biblical Time Prophecy". Retrieved 28 October 2018.

^ 'Abdu'l-Baha, Abbas Effendi. "Some Answered Questions". bahai.org. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

^ 'Abdu'l-Baha, Abbas Effendi. "Some Answered Questions". bahai.org. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

^ "Holy Bible". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

^ "Holy Bible". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

^ "Bahá'í Reference Library - Some Answered Questions, Pages 45-61". reference.bahai.org.

^ Revelation 12:3

^ 'Abdu'l-Baha, Abbas Effendi. "Some Answered Questions". bahai.org. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

^ "1 Nephi 14". www.churchofjesuschrist.org.

^ a b "Doctrine and Covenants 20". www.churchofjesuschrist.org.

^ "Revelation 22". www.churchofjesuschrist.org.

^ Hunter, Howard W. "No Man Shall Add to or Take Away".

^ "Articles of Faith 1". www.churchofjesuschrist.org.

^ R. Frances Swiney (Rosa Frances Emily Biggs) The Esoteric Teaching of the Gnostics London: Yellon, Williams & Co (1909) pp. 3, 4

^ James M. Pryse Apocalypse Unsealed London: Watkins (1910). The theory behind the book is given in Arthur Avalon (Sir John Woodroffe) The Serpent Power Madras (Chennai): Ganesh & Co (1913). One version of how these beliefs might have travelled from India to the Middle East, Greece and Rome is given in the opening chapters of Rudolf Otto The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man London: Lutterworth (1938)

^ Christopher Rowland Revelation London: Epworth (1993) p. 5

^ Howard-Brook, Wes; Gwyther, Anthony (1999). Unveiling Empire: Reading Revelation Then and Now. Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-57075-287-2.

^ Rieger, Joerg (2007). Christ & Empire: From Paul to Postcolonial Times. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2038-7.

^ Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 123–126. Revelation

^ Breu, Clarissa (2019). Biblical Exegesis without Authorial Intention?: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Authorship and Meaning. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-39581-7.

^ Charles C. Torrey The Apocalypse of John New Haven: Yale University Press (1958). Christopher R. North in his The Second Isaiah London: OUP (1964) p. 23 says of Torrey's earlier Isaiah theory, "Few scholars of any standing have accepted his theory." This is the general view of Torrey's theories. However, Christopher North goes on to cite Torrey on 20 major occasions and many more minor ones in the course of his book. So, Torrey must have had some influence and poetry is the key.

^ Apocalypse of John p. 7

^ Apocalypse of John p. 37

^ Apocalypse of John p. 8

^ Apocalypse of John p. 137

^ Apocalypse of John p. 140

^ "Flowers preach to us if we will hear", begins her poem 'Consider the lilies of the field' Goblin Market London: Oxford University Press (1913) p. 87

^ Christina Rossetti The Face of the Deep London: SPCK (1892) p. 115

^ "Christians should resemble fire-flies, not glow-worms; their brightness drawing eyes upward, not downward." The Face of the Deep p. 26

^ The Face of the Deep p. 301

^ The Face of the Deep p. 292

^ The Face of the Deep p. 495

^ Elisabeth Schuessler Fiorenza Revelation: Vision of a Just World Edinburgh: T&T Clark (1993). The book seems to have started life as Invitation to the Book of Revelation Garden City: Doubleday (1981)

^ a b Tina Pippin Death & Desire: The rhetoric of gender in the Apocalypse of John Louisville: Westminster-John Knox (1993) p. 105

^ D H Lawrence Apocalypse London: Martin Secker (1932) published posthumously with an introduction (pp. v–xli) by Richard Aldington which is an integral part of the text.

^ Apocalypse p. xxiii

^ Apocalypse p. 6

^ Apocalypse p. 11

^ D. H. Lawrence (1995). Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation. Penguin Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-14-018781-6.

^ a b c Dale Martin 2009 (lecture). "24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation" on YouTube. Yale University. Accessed 22 July 2013. Lecture 24 (transcript) Archived 6 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine

^ David L. Barr, Tales of the End: A Narrative Commentary on the Book of Revelation (Santa Rosa: Polebridge Press, 1998); Barr, "Narrative Technique in the Book of Revelation". In Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative, ed. Danna Nolan Fewell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 376–88

^ a b "Lecture 2: From Stories to Canon". CosmoLearning Religious Studies.

^ a b c Bart D. Ehrman (9 June 2016). "Bart Ehrman Discusses the Apocalypticist". Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube.

^ Barbara Whitlock, "Tracing out the convoluted sources of Christianity" in George D. Barnes (ed.), "Collected New Essays in Comparative Religion"

^ Wes Howard-Brook & Anthony Gwyther Unveiling Empire New York: Orbis (1999) p. 76

^ S Moyise p. 13 reports no work whatsoever done between 1912 and 1984

^ Anon An exposition of the Apocalypse on a new principle of literal interpretation Aberdeen: Brown (1871)

^ Chapman, Charles T. (1995). The Message of the Book of Revelation. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-2111-0.

^ S. Moyise The Old Testament in the Book of Revelation Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press (1995) p. 31

^ Ian Boxall The Revelation of St John London: Continuum & Peabody MA: Hendrickson (2006) p. 254

^ G. K. Beale John's use of the Old Testament in Revelation Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press (1998) p. 109

^ Bauckham 1993.

^ Brandon D. Smith, "The Trinity in the Book of Revelation: Seeing Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in John's Apocalypse" (IVP Academic, 2022)

^ Russell, James Stuart (1887). The Parousia. England: Bierton Strict and Particular Baptists. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-1-519610-94-2.

Bibliography[edit]

Ammannati, Renato (2010). Rivelazione e Storia. Ermeneutica dell'Apocalisse. Transeuropa.

Allen, Garrick (2020). Manuscripts of the book of Revelation: new philology, paratexts, reception. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191883323.

Barr, David, L. (1998). Tales of the End: A Narrative Commentary on the Book of Revelation. Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge Press, ISBN 978-1-59815-033-9.

Bass, Ralph E. Jr. (2004). Back to the Future: A Study in the Book of Revelation, Greenville, South Carolina: Living Hope Press, ISBN 0-9759547-0-9.

Bauckham, Richard (1993). The Theology of the Book of Revelation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35691-6.

Beale, G.K.; McDonough, Sean M. (2007). "Revelation". In Beale, G. K.; Carson, D. A. (eds.). Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2693-5.

Beale G.K. (1999). The Book of Revelation, NIGTC, Grand Rapids: Cambridge. ISBN 0-8028-2174-X

Berry, Rev. Elwood (1921). The Apocalypse of St. John . The Catholic Church Supply House.

Bousset W., Die Offenbarung Johannis, Göttingen 18965, 19066.

Boxall, Ian, (2006). The Revelation of Saint John (Black's New Testament Commentary) London: Continuum, and Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson. ISBN 0-8264-7135-8 U.S. edition: ISBN 1-56563-202-8

Boxall, Ian (2002). Revelation: Vision and Insight – An Introduction to the Apocalypse, London: SPCK ISBN 0-281-05362-6

Brown, Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. Anchor Bible. ISBN 978-0-385-24767-2.

Burkett, Delbert (2000). An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7.

Collins, Adela Yarbro (1984). Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-24521-4.

Couch, Mal, ed. (2001). A Bible Handbook to Revelation. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-9393-5.

Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (2005). "Revelation, Book of". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev. ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.

Crutchfield, Larry V. (2001). "Revelation in the New Testament Canon". In Couch, Mal (ed.). A Bible Handbook to Revelation. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-9393-5.

Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515462-7. OCLC 52430805.

Ehrman, Bart D. (2023). Armageddon: What the Bible Really Says About the End. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781982147990. OCLC 1330896041.

Ford, J. Massyngberde (1975). Revelation, The Anchor Bible, New York: Doubleday ISBN 0-385-00895-3.

Gentry, Kenneth L. Jr. (1998). Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation, Powder Springs, GA: American Vision, ISBN 0-915815-43-5.

Gentry, Kenneth L. Jr. (2002). The Beast of Revelation, Powder Springs, GA: American Vision, ISBN 0-915815-41-9.

Hahn, Scott (1999). The Lamb's Supper: Mass as Heaven on Earth, Darton, Longman, Todd, ISBN 0-8146-5818-0

Harrington, Wilfrid J. (1993). Daniel J. Harrington (ed.). Revelation. Sacra Pagina Series Volume 16. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press (A Michael Glazier Book). ISBN 978-0-8146-5818-5. OCLC 27812649.

Hernández, Juan (2006). Scribal habits and theological influences in the Apocalypse, Tübingen

Hoekema, Anthony A. (1979). The Bible and the future. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3516-1.

Hudson, Gary W. (2006). Revelation: Awakening The Christ Within, Vesica Press, ISBN 0-9778517-2-9

Jennings, Charles A. (2001). The Book of Revelation From An Israelite and Historicist Interpretation, Truth in History Publications. ISBN 978-0-9792565-8-5.

Kelly, Joseph F. (2012). History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814659991.

Kiddle M. (1941). The Revelation of St. John (The Moffat New Testament Commentary), New York – London

Kirsch, Thomas (2006). A History of the End of the World: How the Most Controversial Book in the Bible Changed the Course of Western Civilization. New York: HarperOne

Koester, Craig R. (2015). Revelation: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. Vol. 38A. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300216912.

Koester, Craig R. (2020). The Oxford handbook of the Book of Revelation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190655433.

Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (September 2021). "The Book of Revelation: Plagues as Part of the Eschatological Human Condition". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. SAGE Publications. 44 (1): 75–92. doi:10.1177/0142064X211025496. ISSN 1745-5294. S2CID 237332665.

Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). The Johannine Literature. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84127-081-4.

Lohmeyer, Ernst (1953). Die Offenbarung des Johannes, Tübingen

Lohse, D. E. (1988). "Wie christlich ist die Offenbarung des Johannes?". New Testament Studies. 34 (3): 321–338. doi:10.1017/S0028688500020130. S2CID 170246924.

Muggleton, Lodowicke (2010). Works on the Book of Revelation London ISBN 978-1-907466-04-5

Müller, U.B. (1995). Die Offenbarung des Johannes, Güttersloh

McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James A. (2002). The Canon Debate. Hendrickson Publishers.

McKim, Donald K. (2014). The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, Second Edition. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-23835-3.

Mounce, Robert H. (1998). The Book of Revelation. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2537-7.

Pate, C. Marvin (2010). Four Views on the Book of Revelation. Zondervan.

Pagels, Elaine (2012). Revelations: Visions, Prophecy, and Politics in the Book of Revelation, Viking Adult, ISBN 0-670-02334-5

Prigent P., L'Apocalypse, Paris 1981.

Weor, Samael Aun (2004) [1960]. The Aquarian Message: Gnostic Kabbalah and Tarot in the Apocalypse of St. John. Thelema Press. ISBN 978-0-9745916-5-0.

Pattemore, Stephen (2004). The People of God in the Apocalypse. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-4412-3655-5.

Perkins, Pheme (2012). Reading the New Testament: An Introduction. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4786-1.

Parker, D. C. (2008). An introduction to the New Testament manuscripts and their texts. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511414190.

Roloff J. (1987). Die Offenbarung des Johannes

Senior, Donald; Getty, Mary Ann (1990). The Catholic Study Bible. Oxford University Press.

Shepherd, Massey H. (2004). The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse, James Clarke, ISBN 0-227-17005-9

Schnelle, Udo (2007). Theology of the New Testament [tr.2009]. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-3604-0.

Stonehouse, Ned B. (n.d.) [c. 1929]. The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church. A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon. Goes: Oosterbaan & Le Cointre[Major discussion of the controversy surrounding the acceptance/rejection of Revelation into the New Testament canon.]{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Stuckenbruck, Loren T. (2003). "Revelation". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 1535. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.

Stephens, Mark B. (2011). Annihilation or Renewal?: The Meaning and Function of New Creation in the Book of Revelation. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-150838-7.

Sweet, J. P. M. (1979, Updated 1990). Revelation, London: SCM Press, and Philadelphia: Trinity Press International. ISBN 0-334-02311-4.

Tenney, Merrill C. (1988). Interpreting Revelation. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0421-1.

Vitali, Francesco (2008). Piccolo Dizionario dell'Apocalisse, TAU Editrice, Todi

Wall, Robert W. (2011). Revelation. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-4412-3655-5.

Wikenhauser, A. Offenbarung des Johannes, Regensburg 1947, 1959.

Witherington, Ben III (2003). Revelation, The New Cambridge Bible Commentary, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00068-0.

Zahn Th., Die Offenbarung des Johannes, t. 1–2, Leipzig 1924–1926.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Revelation.

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Revelation

Early Christian Writings: Apocalypse of John: text, introduction, context

"Revelation to John." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

Apocalypse, Book of – Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia

Understanding the Book of Revelation – Article by L. Michael White from PBS Frontline program "Apocalypse!"

The Marvelous Address: The Revelation of the Beloved (Disciple) is an 18th-century manuscript about the book of Revelation written in Garshuni (Arabic written in Syriac script).

Jewish Encyclopedia

Bible: Revelation public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions

Texts on Wikisource:

Biesen, C. van den (1913). "Apocalypse". Catholic Encyclopedia.

Schem, A. J. (1879). "Apocalypse". The American Cyclopædia.

The Apocalypse, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Martin Palmer, Marina Benjamin & Justin Champion (In Our Time, 17 July 2003)

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Marathi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-MR)

 

---Mam, Central (MVC)---

Mam, Central (MVC)

 

---Mam, Todos Santos (MVJ)---

Mam de Todos Santos Chuchumatán (MVJ)

 

---Plautdietsch (NDS)---

Reimer 2001 (REIMER)

 

---नेपाली (NE)---

Nepali Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-NE)

 

---Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)---

Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)

 

---Nederlands (NL)---

BasisBijbel (BB)

Het Boek (HTB)

 

---Norsk (NO)---

Det Norsk Bibelselskap 1930 (DNB1930)

En Levende Bok (LB)

 

---Chichewa (NY)---

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

 

---ଓଡ଼ିଆ (OR)---

Oriya Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-OR)

 

---ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (PA)---

Punjabi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-PA)

 

---Polski (PL)---

Nowe Przymierze (NP)

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

Updated Gdańsk Bible (UBG)

 

---Nawat (PPL)---

Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (NBTN)

 

---Português (PT)---

Almeida Revista e Corrigida 2009 (ARC)

Portuguese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (VFL)

Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)

Nova Versão Transformadora (NVT)

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

 

---Quichua (QU)---

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

 

---Quiché, Centro Occidenta (QUT)---

Quiché, Centro Occidental (QUT)

 

---Română (RO)---

Cornilescu 1924 - Revised 2010, 2014 (RMNN)

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

 

---Русский (RU)---

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

Russian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-RU)

Russian Synodal Version (RUSV)

 

---Slovenčina (SK)---

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

 

---Somali (SO)---

Somali Bible (SOM)

 

---Shqip (SQ)---

Albanian Bible (ALB)

 

---Српски (SR)---

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

Serbian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-SR)

 

---Svenska (SV)---

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Svenska 1917 (SV1917)

Svenska Folkbibeln (SFB)

Svenska Folkbibeln 2015 (SFB15)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

 

---Kiswahili (SW)---

Agano Jipya: Tafsiri ya Kusoma-Kwa-Urahisi (TKU)

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

 

---தமிழ் (TA)---

Tamil Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TA)

 

---ภาษาไทย (TH)---

New Thai Version (NTV-BIBLE)

Thai New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TH)

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

 

---Tagalog (TL)---

Ang Bagong Tipan: Filipino Standard Version (FSV)

Ang Biblia (1978) (ABTAG1978)

Ang Biblia, 2001 (ABTAG2001)

Ang Dating Biblia (1905) (ADB1905)

Ang Salita ng Diyos (SND)

Ang Salita ng Dios (Tagalog Contemporary Bible) (ASND)

Magandang Balita Biblia (MBBTAG)

Magandang Balita Biblia (with Deuterocanon) (MBBTAG-DC)

 

---Twi (TWI)---

Nkwa Asem (NA-TWI)

 

---Українська (UK)---

Ukrainian Bible (UKR)

Ukrainian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UK)

 

---اردو (UR)---

Urdu Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UR)

 

---Uspanteco (USP)---

Uspanteco (USP)

 

---Tiêng Viêt (VI)---

Bản Dịch 2011 (BD2011)

New Vietnamese Bible (NVB)

Vietnamese Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (BPT)

 

---Yorùbá (YO)---

Bíbélì Mímọ́ Yorùbá Òde Òn (BYO)

 

---汉语 (ZH)---

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified) (CCB)

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional) (CCBT)

Chinese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-ZH)

Chinese New Version (Simplified) (CNVS)

Chinese New Version (Traditional) (CNVT)

Chinese Standard Bible (Simplified) (CSBS)

Chinese Standard Bible (Traditional) (CSBT)

Chinese Union Version (Simplified) (CUVS)

Chinese Union Version (Traditional) (CUV)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Simplified) (CUVMPS)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Traditional) (CUVMPT)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Simplified Script) Shen Edition (RCU17SS)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Traditional Script) Shen Edition (RCU17TS)

New King James Version (NKJV)

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Listen to Revelation 1

Revelation 1

New King James Version

—Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)—

Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)

 

—العربية (AR)—

Arabic Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AR)

Ketab El Hayat (NAV)

 

—अवधी (AWA)—

Awadhi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AWA)

 

—Български (BG)—

1940 Bulgarian Bible (BG1940)

Bulgarian Bible (BULG)

Bulgarian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-BG)

Библия, нов превод от оригиналните езици (с неканоничните книги) (CBT)

Библия, синодално издание (BOB)

Библия, ревизирано издание (BPB)

 

—Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)—

Chinanteco de Comaltepec (CCO)

 

—Cebuano (CEB)—

Ang Pulong Sa Dios (APSD-CEB)

 

—ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍ (CHR)—

Cherokee New Testament (CHR)

 

—كوردی سۆرانی (CKB)—

Kurdi Sorani Standard (KSS)

 

—Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)—

Cakchiquel Occidental (CKW)

 

—Čeština (CS)—

Bible 21 (B21)

Slovo na cestu (SNC)

 

—Cymraeg (CY)—

Beibl William Morgan (BWM)

 

—Dansk (DA)—

Bibelen på hverdagsdansk (BPH)

Dette er Biblen på dansk (DN1933)

 

—Deutsch (DE)—

Hoffnung für Alle (HOF)

Luther Bibel 1545 (LUTH1545)

Neue Genfer Übersetzung (NGU-DE)

Schlachter 1951 (SCH1951)

Schlachter 2000 (SCH2000)

 

—English (EN)—

21st Century King James Version (KJ21)

American Standard Version (ASV)

Amplified Bible (AMP)

Amplified Bible, Classic Edition (AMPC)

BRG Bible (BRG)

Christian Standard Bible (CSB)

Common English Bible (CEB)

Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)

Contemporary English Version (CEV)

Darby Translation (DARBY)

Disciples’ Literal New Testament (DLNT)

Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition (DRA)

Easy-to-Read Version (ERV)

EasyEnglish Bible (EASY)

Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)

English Standard Version (ESV)

English Standard Version Anglicised (ESVUK)

Expanded Bible (EXB)

1599 Geneva Bible (GNV)

GOD’S WORD Translation (GW)

Good News Translation (GNT)

Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB)

International Children’s Bible (ICB)

International Standard Version (ISV)

J.B. Phillips New Testament (PHILLIPS)

Jubilee Bible 2000 (JUB)

King James Version (KJV)

Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)

Legacy Standard Bible (LSB)

Lexham English Bible (LEB)

Living Bible (TLB)

The Message (MSG)

Modern English Version (MEV)

Mounce Reverse Interlinear New Testament (MOUNCE)

Names of God Bible (NOG)

New American Bible (Revised Edition) (NABRE)

New American Standard Bible (NASB)

New American Standard Bible 1995 (NASB1995)

New Catholic Bible (NCB)

New Century Version (NCV)

New English Translation (NET Bible)

New International Reader's Version (NIRV)

New International Version (NIV)

New International Version - UK (NIVUK)

New King James Version (NKJV)

New Life Version (NLV)

New Living Translation (NLT)

New Matthew Bible (NMB)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised (NRSVA)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised Catholic Edition (NRSVACE)

New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)

New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (NRSVUE)

New Testament for Everyone (NTFE)

Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB)

Revised Geneva Translation (RGT)

Revised Standard Version (RSV)

Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (RSVCE)

Tree of Life Version (TLV)

The Voice (VOICE)

World English Bible (WEB)

Worldwide English (New Testament) (WE)

Wycliffe Bible (WYC)

Young's Literal Translation (YLT)

 

—Español (ES)—

La Biblia de las Américas (LBLA)

Biblia del Jubileo (JBS)

Dios Habla Hoy (DHH)

Nueva Biblia de las Américas (NBLA)

Nueva Biblia Viva (NBV)

Nueva Traducción Viviente (NTV)

Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI)

Nueva Versión Internacional (Castilian) (CST)

Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT)

La Palabra (España) (BLP)

La Palabra (Hispanoamérica) (BLPH)

Reina Valera Actualizada (RVA-2015)

Reina Valera Contemporánea (RVC)

Reina-Valera 1960 (RVR1960)

Reina Valera Revisada (RVR1977)

Reina-Valera 1995 (RVR1995)

Reina-Valera Antigua (RVA)

Spanish Blue Red and Gold Letter Edition (SRV-BRG)

Traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA)

 

—Suomi (FI)—

Raamattu 1933/38 (R1933)

 

—Français (FR)—

La Bible du Semeur (BDS)

Louis Segond (LSG)

Nouvelle Edition de Genève – NEG1979 (NEG1979)

Segond 21 (SG21)

 

—Κοινη (GRC)—

1550 Stephanus New Testament (TR1550)

1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament (WHNU)

1894 Scrivener New Testament (TR1894)

SBL Greek New Testament (SBLGNT)

Tyndale House Greek New Testament (THGNT)

 

—ગુજરાતી (GU)—

Gujarati: પવિત્ર બાઈબલ (GERV)

 

—עברית (HE)—

Habrit Hakhadasha/Haderekh (HHH)

The Westminster Leningrad Codex (WLC)

 

—हिन्दी (HI)—

Hindi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HI)

Saral Hindi Bible (SHB)

 

—Ilonggo (HIL)—

Ang Pulong Sang Dios (HLGN)

 

—Chhattisgarhi (HNE)—

New Chhattisgarhi Translation (नवां नियम छत्तीसगढ़ी) (NCA)

 

—Hrvatski (HR)—

Biblija: suvremeni hrvatski prijevod (SHP)

Hrvatski Novi Zavjet – Rijeka 2001 (HNZ-RI)

Knijga O Kristu (CRO)

 

—Kreyòl ayisyen (HT)—

Haitian Creole Version (HCV)

Nouvo Testaman: Vèsyon Kreyòl Fasil (VKF)

 

—Magyar (HU)—

Hungarian Károli (KAR)

Hungarian Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HU)

Hungarian New Translation (NT-HU)

 

—Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWC)—

Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWP)

 

—Íslenska (IS)—

Icelandic Bible (ICELAND)

 

—Italiano (IT)—

La Bibbia della Gioia (BDG)

Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (CEI)

La Nuova Diodati (LND)

Nuova Riveduta 1994 (NR1994)

Nuova Riveduta 2006 (NR2006)

 

—日本語 (JA)—

Japanese Living Bible (JLB)

 

—Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)—

Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)

 

—Kekchi (KEK)—

Kekchi (KEK)

 

—한국어 (KO)—

Korean Living Bible (KLB)

 

—Latina (LA)—

Biblia Sacra Vulgata (VULGATE)

 

—Luganda (LG)—

Endagaano Enkadde nʼEndagaano Empya (LCB)

 

—Māori (MI)—

Maori Bible (MAORI)

 

—Македонски (MK)—

Macedonian New Testament (MNT)

 

—मराठी (MR)—

Marathi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-MR)

 

—Mam, Central (MVC)—

Mam, Central (MVC)

 

—Mam, Todos Santos (MVJ)—

Mam de Todos Santos Chuchumatán (MVJ)

 

—Plautdietsch (NDS)—

Reimer 2001 (REIMER)

 

—नेपाली (NE)—

Nepali Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-NE)

 

—Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)—

Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)

 

—Nederlands (NL)—

BasisBijbel (BB)

Het Boek (HTB)

 

—Norsk (NO)—

Det Norsk Bibelselskap 1930 (DNB1930)

En Levende Bok (LB)

 

—Chichewa (NY)—

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

 

—ଓଡ଼ିଆ (OR)—

Oriya Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-OR)

 

—ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (PA)—

Punjabi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-PA)

 

—Polski (PL)—

Nowe Przymierze (NP)

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

Updated Gdańsk Bible (UBG)

 

—Nawat (PPL)—

Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (NBTN)

 

—Português (PT)—

Almeida Revista e Corrigida 2009 (ARC)

Portuguese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (VFL)

Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)

Nova Versão Transformadora (NVT)

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

 

—Quichua (QU)—

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

 

—Quiché, Centro Occidenta (QUT)—

Quiché, Centro Occidental (QUT)

 

—Română (RO)—

Cornilescu 1924 - Revised 2010, 2014 (RMNN)

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

 

—Русский (RU)—

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

Russian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-RU)

Russian Synodal Version (RUSV)

 

—Slovenčina (SK)—

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

 

—Somali (SO)—

Somali Bible (SOM)

 

—Shqip (SQ)—

Albanian Bible (ALB)

 

—Српски (SR)—

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

Serbian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-SR)

 

—Svenska (SV)—

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Svenska 1917 (SV1917)

Svenska Folkbibeln (SFB)

Svenska Folkbibeln 2015 (SFB15)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

 

—Kiswahili (SW)—

Agano Jipya: Tafsiri ya Kusoma-Kwa-Urahisi (TKU)

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

 

—தமிழ் (TA)—

Tamil Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TA)

 

—ภาษาไทย (TH)—

New Thai Version (NTV-BIBLE)

Thai New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TH)

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

 

—Tagalog (TL)—

Ang Bagong Tipan: Filipino Standard Version (FSV)

Ang Biblia (1978) (ABTAG1978)

Ang Biblia, 2001 (ABTAG2001)

Ang Dating Biblia (1905) (ADB1905)

Ang Salita ng Diyos (SND)

Ang Salita ng Dios (Tagalog Contemporary Bible) (ASND)

Magandang Balita Biblia (MBBTAG)

Magandang Balita Biblia (with Deuterocanon) (MBBTAG-DC)

 

—Twi (TWI)—

Nkwa Asem (NA-TWI)

 

—Українська (UK)—

Ukrainian Bible (UKR)

Ukrainian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UK)

 

—اردو (UR)—

Urdu Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UR)

 

—Uspanteco (USP)—

Uspanteco (USP)

 

—Tiêng Viêt (VI)—

Bản Dịch 2011 (BD2011)

New Vietnamese Bible (NVB)

Vietnamese Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (BPT)

 

—Yorùbá (YO)—

Bíbélì Mímọ́ Yorùbá Òde Òn (BYO)

 

—汉语 (ZH)—

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified) (CCB)

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional) (CCBT)

Chinese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-ZH)

Chinese New Version (Simplified) (CNVS)

Chinese New Version (Traditional) (CNVT)

Chinese Standard Bible (Simplified) (CSBS)

Chinese Standard Bible (Traditional) (CSBT)

Chinese Union Version (Simplified) (CUVS)

Chinese Union Version (Traditional) (CUV)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Simplified) (CUVMPS)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Traditional) (CUVMPT)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Simplified Script) Shen Edition (RCU17SS)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Traditional Script) Shen Edition (RCU17TS)

—AMU—

AMU

 

—AR—

ERV-AR

NAV

 

—AWA—

ERV-AWA

 

—BG—

BG1940

BULG

ERV-BG

CBT

BOB

BPB

 

—CCO—

CCO

 

—CEB—

APSD-CEB

 

—CHR—

CHR

 

—CKB—

KSS

 

—CKW—

CKW

 

—CS—

B21

SNC

 

—CY—

BWM

 

—DA—

BPH

DN1933

 

—DE—

HOF

LUTH1545

NGU-DE

SCH1951

SCH2000

 

—EN—

KJ21

ASV

AMP

AMPC

BRG

CSB

CEB

CJB

CEV

DARBY

DLNT

DRA

ERV

EASY

EHV

ESV

ESVUK

EXB

GNV

GW

GNT

HCSB

ICB

ISV

PHILLIPS

JUB

KJV

AKJV

LSB

LEB

TLB

MSG

MEV

MOUNCE

NOG

NABRE

NASB

NASB1995

NCB

NCV

NET

NIRV

NIV

NIVUK

NKJV

NLV

NLT

NMB

NRSVA

NRSVACE

NRSVCE

NRSVUE

NTFE

OJB

RGT

RSV

RSVCE

TLV

VOICE

WEB

WE

WYC

YLT

 

—ES—

LBLA

JBS

DHH

NBLA

NBV

NTV

NVI

CST

PDT

BLP

BLPH

RVA-2015

RVC

RVR1960

RVR1977

RVR1995

RVA

SRV-BRG

TLA

 

—FI—

R1933

 

—FR—

BDS

LSG

NEG1979

SG21

 

—GRC—

TR1550

WHNU

TR1894

SBLGNT

THGNT

 

—GU—

GERV

 

—HE—

HHH

WLC

 

—HI—

ERV-HI

SHB

 

—HIL—

HLGN

 

—HNE—

NCA

 

—HR—

SHP

HNZ-RI

CRO

 

—HT—

HCV

VKF

 

—HU—

KAR

ERV-HU

NT-HU

 

—HWC—

HWP

 

—IS—

ICELAND

 

—IT—

BDG

CEI

LND

NR1994

NR2006

 

—JA—

JLB

 

—JAC—

JAC

 

—KEK—

KEK

 

—KO—

KLB

 

—LA—

VULGATE

 

—LG—

LCB

 

—MI—

MAORI

 

—MK—

MNT

 

—MR—

ERV-MR

 

—MVC—

MVC

 

—MVJ—

MVJ

 

—NDS—

REIMER

 

—NE—

ERV-NE

 

—NGU—

NGU

 

—NL—

BB

HTB

 

—NO—

DNB1930

LB

 

—NY—

CCL

 

—OR—

ERV-OR

 

—PA—

ERV-PA

 

—PL—

NP

SZ-PL

UBG

 

—PPL—

NBTN

 

—PT—

ARC

VFL

NTLH

NVT

NVI-PT

OL

 

—QU—

MTDS

 

—QUT—

QUT

 

—RO—

RMNN

NTLR

 

—RU—

NRT

CARS

CARST

CARSA

ERV-RU

RUSV

 

—SK—

NPK

 

—SO—

SOM

 

—SQ—

ALB

 

—SR—

NSP

ERV-SR

 

—SV—

NUB

SV1917

SFB

SFB15

SVL

 

—SW—

TKU

SNT

 

—TA—

ERV-TA

 

—TH—

NTV-BIBLE

ERV-TH

TNCV

 

—TL—

FSV

ABTAG1978

ABTAG2001

ADB1905

SND

ASND

MBBTAG

MBBTAG-DC

 

—TWI—

NA-TWI

 

—UK—

UKR

ERV-UK

 

—UR—

ERV-UR

 

—USP—

USP

 

—VI—

BD2011

NVB

BPT

 

—YO—

BYO

 

—ZH—

CCB

CCBT

ERV-ZH

CNVS

CNVT

CSBS

CSBT

CUVS

CUV

CUVMPS

CUVMPT

RCU17SS

RCU17TS

Update

Introduction and Benediction1 The Revelation of Jesus Christ, (A)which God gave Him to show His servants—things which must [a]shortly take place. And (B)He sent and signified it by His angel to His servant John, 2 (C)who bore witness to the word of God, and to the testimony of Jesus Christ, to all things (D)that he saw. 3 (E)Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written in it; for (F)the time is near. Greeting the Seven Churches4 John, to the seven churches which are in Asia:Grace to you and peace from Him (G)who is and (H)who was and who is to come, (I)and from the seven Spirits who are before His throne, 5 and from Jesus Christ, (J)the faithful (K)witness, the (L)firstborn from the dead, and (M)the ruler over the kings of the earth.To Him (N)who [b]loved us (O)and washed us from our sins in His own blood, 6 and has (P)made us [c]kings and priests to His God and Father, (Q)to Him be glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen. 7 Behold, He is coming with (R)clouds, and every eye will see Him, even (S)they who pierced Him. And all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of Him. Even so, Amen. 8 (T)“I am the Alpha and the Omega, [d]the Beginning and the End,” says the [e]Lord, (U)“who is and who was and who is to come, the (V)Almighty.” Vision of the Son of Man9 I, John, [f]both your brother and (W)companion in the tribulation and (X)kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. 10 (Y)I was in the Spirit on (Z)the Lord’s Day, and I heard behind me (AA)a loud voice, as of a trumpet, 11 saying, [g]“I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last,” and, “What you see, write in a book and send it to the seven churches [h]which are in Asia: to Ephesus, to Smyrna, to Pergamos, to Thyatira, to Sardis, to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea.” 12 Then I turned to see the voice that spoke with me. And having turned (AB)I saw seven golden lampstands, 13 (AC)and in the midst of the seven lampstands (AD)One like the Son of Man, (AE)clothed with a garment down to the feet and (AF)girded about the chest with a golden band. 14 His head and (AG)hair were white like wool, as white as snow, and (AH)His eyes like a flame of fire; 15 (AI)His feet were like fine brass, as if refined in a furnace, and (AJ)His voice as the sound of many waters; 16 (AK)He had in His right hand seven stars, (AL)out of His mouth went a sharp two-edged sword, (AM)and His countenance was like the sun shining in its strength. 17 And (AN)when I saw Him, I fell at His feet as dead. But (AO)He laid His right hand on me, saying [i]to me, “Do not be afraid; (AP)I am the First and the Last. 18 (AQ)I am He who lives, and was dead, and behold, (AR)I am alive forevermore. Amen. And (AS)I have the keys of [j]Hades and of Death. 19 [k]Write the things which you have (AT)seen, (AU)and the things which are, (AV)and the things which will take place after this. 20 The [l]mystery of the seven stars which you saw in My right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are (AW)the [m]angels of the seven churches, and (AX)the seven lampstands [n]which you saw are the seven churches.

FootnotesRevelation 1:1 quickly or swiftly

Revelation 1:5 NU loves us and freed; M loves us and washed

Revelation 1:6 NU, M a kingdom

Revelation 1:8 NU, M omit the Beginning and the End

Revelation 1:8 NU, M Lord God

Revelation 1:9 NU, M omit both

Revelation 1:11 NU, M omit “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last,” and,

Revelation 1:11 NU, M omit which are in Asia

Revelation 1:17 NU, M omit to me

Revelation 1:18 Lit. Unseen; the unseen realm

Revelation 1:19 NU, M Therefore, write

Revelation 1:20 hidden truth

Revelation 1:20 Or messengers

Revelation 1:20 NU, M omit which you saw

Cross referencesRevelation 1:1 : John 3:32

Revelation 1:1 : Rev. 22:6

Revelation 1:2 : 1 Cor. 1:6

Revelation 1:2 : 1 John 1:1

Revelation 1:3 : Luke 11:28; Rev. 22:7

Revelation 1:3 : James 5:8; Rev. 22:10

Revelation 1:4 : Ex. 3:14

Revelation 1:4 : John 1:1

Revelation 1:4 : [Is. 11:2]; Zech. 3:9; Rev. 3:1; 4:5; 5:6

Revelation 1:5 : John 8:14; Prov. 14:5

Revelation 1:5 : Is. 55:4

Revelation 1:5 : Ps. 89:27; 1 Cor. 15:20; [Col. 1:18]

Revelation 1:5 : Rev. 17:14

Revelation 1:5 : John 13:34

Revelation 1:5 : Heb. 9:14

Revelation 1:6 : 1 Pet. 2:5, 9

Revelation 1:6 : 1 Tim. 6:16

Revelation 1:7 : Matt. 24:30

Revelation 1:7 : Zech. 12:10–14; John 19:37

Revelation 1:8 : Is. 41:4; Rev. 21:6; 22:13

Revelation 1:8 : Rev. 4:8; 11:17

Revelation 1:8 : Is. 9:6

Revelation 1:9 : Phil. 1:7

Revelation 1:9 : [Rom. 8:17; 2 Tim. 2:12]

Revelation 1:10 : Acts 10:10

Revelation 1:10 : Acts 20:7

Revelation 1:10 : Rev. 4:1

Revelation 1:12 : Ex. 25:37; Zech. 4:2; Rev. 1:20; 2:1

Revelation 1:13 : Rev. 2:1

Revelation 1:13 : Ezek. 1:26; Dan. 7:13; 10:16; Rev. 14:14

Revelation 1:13 : Dan. 10:5

Revelation 1:13 : Rev. 15:6

Revelation 1:14 : Dan. 7:9

Revelation 1:14 : Dan. 10:6; Rev. 2:18; 19:12

Revelation 1:15 : Ezek. 1:7; Dan. 10:6; Rev. 2:18

Revelation 1:15 : Ezek. 1:24; 43:2; Rev. 14:2; 19:6

Revelation 1:16 : Rev. 1:20; 2:1; 3:1

Revelation 1:16 : Is. 49:2; [Heb. 4:12]; Rev. 2:12, 16; 19:15

Revelation 1:16 : Matt. 17:2; Acts 26:13; Rev. 10:1

Revelation 1:17 : Ezek. 1:28

Revelation 1:17 : Dan. 8:18; 10:10, 12

Revelation 1:17 : Is. 41:4; 44:6; 48:12; Rev. 2:8; 22:13

Revelation 1:18 : Rom. 6:9; Rev. 2:8; 10:6; 15:7

Revelation 1:18 : Rev. 4:9

Revelation 1:18 : Ps. 68:20

Revelation 1:19 : Rev. 1:9–18

Revelation 1:19 : Rev. 2:1

Revelation 1:19 : John 16:13; Rev. 4:1

Revelation 1:20 : Mal. 2:7; Rev. 2:1

Revelation 1:20 : Ex. 25:37; 37:23; Zech. 4:2; Matt. 5:15; Phil. 2:15

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Book of Revelation | Guide with Key Information and Resources

Book of Revelation | Guide with Key Information and Resources

BibleProject Guides

Book of Revelation

Key Information and Helpful Resources

About

Revelation 1-3: Jesus’ Words to Seven Churches in Asia Minor

Revelation 4-5: Vision of the Heavenly Throne Room and First Judgment

Revelation 6-8a: Vision of the Lord’s Slain Servants

Revelation 8b-11: Visions of Judgment, the Temple, and Two Witnesses

Revelation 12-16: Visions of the Dragon, Beasts, 666, and More

Revelation 17-20: The Final Battle of Armageddon

Revelation 21-22: The New Heaven and Earth

Recommended Reading

Downloads and Resources

About

Revelation 1-3: Jesus’ Words to Seven Churches in Asia Minor

Revelation 4-5: Vision of the Heavenly Throne Room and First Judgment

Revelation 6-8a: Vision of the Lord’s Slain Servants

Revelation 8b-11: Visions of Judgment, the Temple, and Two Witnesses

Revelation 12-16: Visions of the Dragon, Beasts, 666, and More

Revelation 17-20: The Final Battle of Armageddon

Revelation 21-22: The New Heaven and Earth

Recommended Reading

Downloads and Resources

In the opening paragraph, the author identifies himself as John, which could refer to the author of the Gospel and letters of John, or it could be another leader in the early Church. Whichever John it was, he makes it clear in the opening paragraph that this book is a “revelation.” The Greek word used here is apokalypsis, which refers to a type of literature found in the Hebrew Scriptures and in other popular Jewish texts. Jewish apocalypses recounted a prophet’s symbolic visions that revealed God’s heavenly perspective on history so that the present could be viewed in light of history’s final outcome. These texts use symbolic imagery and numbers not to confuse but to communicate. Almost all the imagery is drawn from the Old Testament, and John expects his readers to interpret by looking up the texts to which he alludes.

Revelation 1-11

11:49

New Testament Overviews

Who Wrote the Book of Revelation?

Though most Christian traditions hold that Revelation (or The Revelation of Jesus to John) was written by the disciple John, his identity is not explicitly mentioned.

Context

The events described in Revelation take place in Asia-minor to seven specific church communities. Revelation was likely composed between 94 and 96 C.E.

Literary Styles

The book of Revelation is a compilation of apocalyptic literature and prose discourse.

Key Themes

The hope of Jesus’ final return

Faithfulness to Jesus throughout one's life

The comfort of Jesus in suffering and persecution

Structure

Revelation can be divided into seven parts. Chapters 1-3 introduces John’s vision. Chapters 4-5, 6-8a, 8b-11, 12-16, and 17-20 focus on various visions of John. And chapters 21-22 are a concluding vision of the new heavens and new Earth.

Revelation 1-3: Jesus’ Words to Seven Churches in Asia Minor

John says that this apocalypse is a prophecy. A prophecy is a word from God spoken through a prophet to comfort or challenge God’s people. This apocalyptic prophecy was sent to real people that John knew. The book opens and closes as a circular letter, which was sent to seven churches in the ancient Roman province of Asia. The fact that The Revelation is a letter means that John was specifically addressing these first century churches. While this book has a lot to say to Christians of later generations, its meaning must first be anchored in the historical context of John’s time and place.

John says he was exiled on the island of Patmos, where he saw a vision of the risen Jesus standing among seven burning lights. The image, adapted from Zechariah 4, is a symbol of seven local churches in Asia Minor. Jesus addressed the specific problems facing each church. Some were apathetic due to wealth and affluence, while others were morally compromised. But there were others who remained faithful to Jesus and were suffering harassment and persecution. Jesus warned them that a “tribulation” was upon the churches that would force them to choose between compromise or faithfulness.

By John’s day, the murder of Christians by the Roman emperor Nero had passed, and the persecution by emperor Domitian was likely underway. Jesus calls the churches to faithfulness, by which they will “conquer” and receive a reward in the final marriage of Heaven and Earth. The opening section sets up the main plot tension throughout the book. Will Jesus’ people conquer and inherit the new world that God has in store? And why is faithfulness to Jesus described as “conquering?”

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Revelation 4-5: Vision of the Heavenly Throne Room and First Judgment

John’s next vision is of God’s heavenly throne room, described with images from many Old Testament prophetic books. Around God are creatures and elders, representing all creation and human nations, who are giving honor and allegiance to the one true God. In God’s hand is a scroll with seven wax seals, symbolizing the scrolls of the Old Testament prophets and Daniel’s visions. Their message was about how God’s Kingdom would come on Earth as in Heaven.

However, no one is qualified to open the scroll until John finally hears of the one who can. It’s “the Lion of the tribe of Judah” and the “Root of David” (Gen. 49:9; Isa. 11:1). These are classic Old Testament descriptions of the messianic King who would bring God’s Kingdom through military conquest. That’s what John hears, but what he sees is not a lion-king but a sacrificed, bloody lamb who is alive again, standing ready to open the scroll.

This symbol of Jesus as the slain lamb is crucially important for understanding the book. John is saying that the Old Testament promise of God’s future Kingdom was inaugurated through the crucified Messiah. Jesus died for his enemies as the true Passover lamb so that others could be redeemed. His death on the cross was his enthronement and his “conquering” of evil. The vision concludes with the lamb alongside the one on the throne, and together they are worshiped as the one, true Creator and redeemer. The slain lamb then begins to open the scroll, a symbol of his divine authority to guide history to its conclusion.

This brings us into the next section of the book with three cycles of sevens: seven seals, seven trumpets, and seven bowls. Each cycle depicts God’s Kingdom and justice coming on Earth as in Heaven. Some people think these three sets of seven divine judgments represent a literal, linear sequence of events that happened in the past or present, or will happen when Jesus returns. Notice, however, that John wove them together. The seven bowls come out of the seventh trumpet and the seventh seal, and the seven trumpets emerge from the seventh seal. They’re like nesting dolls, each seventh containing the next seven. And each series culminates in the final judgment, all with matching conclusions. Because of this, it’s more likely that John is using each set of seven to depict three distinct perspectives of the same period of time after Jesus’ resurrection.

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Revelation 6-8a: Vision of the Lord’s Slain Servants

As the lamb opens the scroll’s first four seals, John sees four symbolic horsemen (an image from Zechariah 1) who symbolize times of war, conquest, famine, and death. The fifth seal depicts the murdered Christian martyrs before God’s heavenly throne. The cry of their innocent blood rises up before God, and they’re told to rest because, sadly, more Christians are going to die. The sixth seal is God’s ultimate response to their cry. He brings the great Day of the Lord described in Isaiah 2 and Joel 2. The people of the earth cry out, “Who is able to stand?!”

At this point, John pauses the action to answer that question. He sees an angel with a signet ring coming to place a mark of protection on God’s servants enduring all this hardship. He then hears the number of those sealed: 144,000. It’s a military census of twelve thousand from each of the twelve tribes of Israel (Numbers 1). Now, the number of this army is what John heard, just like he heard about the conquering lion of Judah. In both cases, what he turned and saw was the surprising fulfillment through Jesus, the slain lamb. John is seeing the messianic army of God’s Kingdom. It’s made up of people from all over the world, fulfilling God’s ancient promise to Abraham. This multiethnic army of the lamb can stand before God because they’ve all been redeemed by his blood. They are called forth to conquer not by killing their enemies but by suffering and bearing witness like the lamb. With this, the seventh and final seal is broken. But before the scroll is opened, the seven warning trumpets emerge, and only then does the Day of the Lord come to bring final justice once and for all.

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Revelation 8b-11: Visions of Judgment, the Temple, and Two Witnesses

When we come to the seven trumpets, John backs up and retells the story once again, this time with images from the Exodus story. The first five trumpet blasts replay the plagues sent upon Egypt, while the sixth trumpet releases the four horsemen from the first four seals. John then tells us that, despite these plagues, “the nations did not repent,” just like Pharaoh. God’s judgment alone does not bring people to humble themselves before him.

John then pauses the action again. An angel brings John the unsealed scroll that was opened by the lamb. John is now told to eat the scroll and proclaim its message to the nations. Finally, the lamb’s scroll is open, and we discover how God’s Kingdom will ultimately come.

The scroll’s content is spelled out in two symbolic visions. First, John sees God’s temple and the martyrs within it, and he is told to measure and set it apart (it’s an image of protection drawn from Zech. 2:1-5). The outer courts and city, however, are excluded and trampled by the nations. Some think that this refers literally to a destruction of Jerusalem in the past or the future. But it’s more likely that John is using the new temple as a symbol for God’s new covenant people, just like the other apostles did (1 Cor. 3:16; Heb. 3:6; 1 Pet. 2:4-5). The vision shows that while Jesus’ followers may suffer persecution, this external defeat cannot cancel their victory through the lamb.

This idea is elaborated in the scroll’s second vision. God appoints two witnesses as prophetic representatives to the nations. Some think that this refers literally to two prophets who will appear one day. However, John calls these characters “lampstands,” one of his clear symbols for the churches (Rev. 1:20). It’s likely that this vision is about the prophetic role of Jesus’ followers, who like Moses and Elijah, are to call idolatrous nations and rulers to turn to God. Then a horrible beast appears, who conquers the witnesses and kills them (remember Daniel 7). But God brings the witnesses back to life and vindicates them before their persecutors. This results in many among the nations repenting and giving honor to the creator God.

Let’s pause and think about the story so far. God’s warning judgments through the seals and the trumpets did not generate repentance among the nations. Now the lamb’s scroll reveals the strange mission of his army. God’s Kingdom is revealed when the nations see the Church imitating the sacrifice of the lamb and loving their enemies instead of killing them. It’s God’s mercy, shown through the Church, that will move the nations to repentance. After this, the last trumpet sounds, and the nations are shaken as God’s Kingdom comes on Earth as in Heaven.

The message of the scroll is finished, but who was that terrible beast who declared war against God’s people? John turns to this question in the second half of The Revelation.

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Revelation 12-16: Visions of the Dragon, Beasts, 666, and More

After exploring the surprising message of the lamb’s opened scroll, John offers a series of seven visions that he calls “signs” (Rev. 12-15). That word means “symbol,” and these cha­pters are full of them. The purpose of these visions is to expand further on the message of the lamb’s scroll.

The first sign reveals the cosmic, spiritual battle behind the Roman empire’s persecution of Christians, the ancient conflict that started in Genesis 3:15. The serpent in the garden of Eden, the source of all spiritual evil, is depicted here as a dragon. It attacks a woman and her seed, who represent the Messiah and his people. But the Messiah defeats the dragon through his death and resurrection, casting him to Earth. There, the dragon may inspire hatred and persecution of the Messiah’s people, but God’s people will conquer him by resisting his influence, even if it kills them. John is showing the seven churches that neither Rome nor any other nation or human is the real enemy. There are dark spiritual powers at work that can be conquered only when Jesus’ followers remain faithful and love their enemies.

John’s next vision replays the same conflict, this time with the symbolism of Daniel’s animal visions (Dan. 7-12). John sees two beasts, one representing national military power that conquers through violence. The other beast symbolizes the economic propaganda machine that exalts this power as divine and demands full allegiance from all nations. This is symbolized by taking the mark of the beast and his number 666 on the forehead or hand.

The meaning of this image is found in the Old Testament. The mark is the “anti-Shema.” The Shema is an ancient Jewish prayer of allegiance to God found in Deuteronomy 6:4-8. It was to be written on the Israelites’ foreheads and hands as a symbol of devoting all your thoughts and actions to the one true God. But now the rebellious nations demand their own god-like allegiance.

The number of the beast is also a symbol. John was fluent in both Hebrew and Greek, and his readers knew that Hebrew letters also function as numbers. If you spell the Greek words “Nero Caesar” or “beast” in Hebrew, both amount to 666. John isn’t saying that Nero was the precise fulfillment of this vision; rather, he’s a recent example of the pattern explored in Daniel. Human rulers become beasts when they assign divinity to their power and economic security and demand total allegiance to it. Babylon was the beast of Daniel’s day, followed by Persia, then Greece, and now Rome in John’s day. The pattern stands for any later nation who acts the same.

Standing opposed to the dragon’s beastly nations is another king, the slain lamb and his army, who have given their lives to follow him. From the new Jerusalem, their song goes out to the nations as “the eternal Gospel” (Rev. 14:6). All people are called to repent, worship God, and come out of Babylon. Then John sees a vision of final justice, symbolized by two harvests. One is a good grain harvest where King Jesus gathers up his faithful people. The other is a harvest of wine grapes, representing humanity’s intoxication with evil, which are taken to the wine press and trampled. With these “sign” visions, John places a choice before the seven churches. Will they resist Babylon and follow the Lamb, or will they follow the beast and suffer its defeat?

John then replays a final cycle of seven divine judgments, symbolized as seven bowls. Similar to the Exodus plagues, the bowls do not bring about repentance­ but the opposite. The people resist and curse God just like Pharaoh. With the sixth bowl, the dragon and beasts gather the nations together to make war against God’s people in a place called Armageddon. This refers to a plain in northern Israel where many battles had been fought against invading nations (Jud. 5:19; 2 Kgs. 23:29). Some think that this image refers literally to a future battle, while others think it’s a metaphor for final judgment. Either way, John has taken these images from Ezekiel 38-39, where God battles Gog, who is of rebellious humanity. And so in the seventh bowl, evil is defeated among the nations once and for all.

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Revelation 17-20: The Final Battle of Armageddon

Now that John has fully unpacked the message of the lamb’s unsealed scroll, he expands upon three key themes intro­duced earlier: the fall of Babylon, the final battle to defeat evil, and the arrival of the new Jerusalem. Each one explores the final coming of God’s Kingdom from a different angle.

John is shown a stunning woman who is dressed like a queen but drunk with the blood of the martyrs and all innocent people. She is riding the dragon from the sign visions and is called Babylon the prostitute. All the detailed symbols of this vision were clear to John’s first readers because he was depicting the military and economic power of the Roman empire. But there’s more to it. The vision quotes language and imagery from every Old Testament passage about the downfall of Babylon, Tyre, and Edom (Isa. 13, 23, 34, 47; Jer. 50-51; Ezek. 26-27). He’s showing that Rome is simply the newest version of that old archetype of humanity in rebellion against God. Nations that exalt their own economic and military security to divine status aren’t limited to the past or the future. Babylons will come and go, leading up to the day when Jesus returns to replace them all with his Kingdom.

Up to this point in the book, the Day of the Lord has been depicted as a day of fire, earthquake, or harvest. Here at the conclusion of the book, it is described as a final battle (Rev. 19:11-21, 20:7-15) that results in the vindication of the martyrs (Rev. 20:1-6). John takes us back to the sixth bowl as the nations gather to oppose God. Jesus appears as the great hero, riding a white horse and ready to “conquer” the world’s evil. Notice, however, that he’s covered with blood before the battle even begins (Rev. 19:13). It’s his own. And his only weapon is “the sword of his mouth,” an image adapted from Isaiah 11:4 and 49:2.

John is trying to tell us that Armageddon is not a bloodbath. The same Jesus who shed his blood for his enemies comes proclaiming justice, holding accountable those who refuse to repent of the ruin they’ve caused in God’s good world. The destructive hellfire that they have caused in the world justly becomes their God-appointed destiny.

After this, John sees a vision of Jesus’ followers who have been murdered by Babylon. They are brought to life to reign with the Messiah for one thousand years. After this, the dragon once again rallies the nations of the world to rebel against God, but they are all brought before God’s throne of justice and face the consequences of eternal defeat. The forces of spiritual evil and all those who do not want to participate in God’s Kingdom are destroyed. They are given what they want, which is to exist by themselves and for themselves. The dragon, Babylon, and all those who choose them are eternally quarantined, unable to spoil God’s new creation ever again.

There’s a lot of debate about the relationship between the one thousand years that comes in between these two battle scenes. Some think that it refers to a literal, chronological sequence of Jesus’ return, followed by his one thousand year Kingdom on earth and final judgment. Others think the one thousand years are a symbol of Jesus and the martyr’s present victory over spiritual evil, while the two battles depict Jesus’ future return from two different angles. Whichever view you take, the point is that John promises the return of King Jesus to deal with evil forever and vindicate those who have been faithful to him.

The book concludes with a vision of the marriage of Heaven and Earth (Rev. 21:1-22:9). An angel shows John a stunning bride, symbolizing the new creation that comes to forever join God and his covenant people. God announces that he has come to live together with humanity forever and make all things new (Rev. 21:5).

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Revelation 21-22: The New Heaven and Earth

This vision is a kaleidoscope of Old Testament promises. It depicts a new Heaven and Earth (Isa. 65:17), a restored creation that’s been healed of the pain and evil of human history. It’s also a new garden of Eden (Gen. 2) and paradise of eternal life with God. However, it’s not simply a return to the garden; it’s also a step forward into the new Jerusalem (Isa. 2). It’s a great city where human cultures in all their diversity work together in harmony. But in the most surprising twist, there is no temple. The presence of God and the lamb, once limited to the temple, now permeates every inch of this new world. This is when the new humanity will fulfill the calling that was placed on them back on page one of the Bible (Gen. 1:26-28), to rule as God’s image and partner with God in taking his creation into new, uncharted territory.

So ends both John’s apocalypse and the epic story of the Bible. John did not write this book as a secret code for deciphering the timetable of Jesus’ return. It is a symbolic vision that brought challenge and hope to the seven first-century churches and every generation since. It reveals history’s pattern and God’s promise, showing how every human kingdom eventually becomes Babylon and must be resisted. But the Messiah, Jesus, who loved and died for our world, will not let Babylon go unchecked. He will return one day to remove evil from his good world and make all things new. This promise should motivate faithfulness in every generation of God’s people until the King finally returns.

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Every human kingdom, like Babylon, eventually becomes corrupt and oppressive. We should resist evil kingdoms by loving people and trusting that Jesus will not let evil go unchecked. He will return to remove evil from the world and make all things new.

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Revelation, THE BOOK OF REVELATION | USCCB

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THE BOOK OF REVELATION

The Apocalypse, or Revelation to John, the last book of the Bible, is one of the most difficult to understand because it abounds in unfamiliar and extravagant symbolism, which at best appears unusual to the modern reader. Symbolic language, however, is one of the chief characteristics of apocalyptic literature, of which this book is an outstanding example. Such literature enjoyed wide popularity in both Jewish and Christian circles from ca. 200 B.C. to A.D. 200.

This book contains an account of visions in symbolic and allegorical language borrowed extensively from the Old Testament, especially Ezekiel, Zechariah, and Daniel. Whether or not these visions were real experiences of the author or simply literary conventions employed by him is an open question.

This much, however, is certain: symbolic descriptions are not to be taken as literal descriptions, nor is the symbolism meant to be pictured realistically. One would find it difficult and repulsive to visualize a lamb with seven horns and seven eyes; yet Jesus Christ is described in precisely such words (Rev 5:6). The author used these images to suggest Christ’s universal (seven) power (horns) and knowledge (eyes). A significant feature of apocalyptic writing is the use of symbolic colors, metals, garments (Rev 1:13–16; 3:18; 4:4; 6:1–8; 17:4; 19:8), and numbers (four signifies the world, six imperfection, seven totality or perfection, twelve Israel’s tribes or the apostles, one thousand immensity). Finally the vindictive language in the book (Rev 6:9–10; 18:1–19:4) is also to be understood symbolically and not literally. The cries for vengeance on the lips of Christian martyrs that sound so harsh are in fact literary devices the author employed to evoke in the reader and hearer a feeling of horror for apostasy and rebellion that will be severely punished by God.

The lurid descriptions of the punishment of Jezebel (Rev 2:22) and of the destruction of the great harlot, Babylon (Rev 16:9–19:2), are likewise literary devices. The metaphor of Babylon as harlot would be wrongly construed if interpreted literally. On the other hand, the stylized figure of the woman clothed with the sun (Rev 12:1–6), depicting the New Israel, may seem to be a negative stereotype. It is necessary to look beyond the literal meaning to see that these images mean to convey a sense of God’s wrath at sin in the former case and trust in God’s providential care over the church in the latter.

The Book of Revelation cannot be adequately understood except against the historical background that occasioned its writing. Like Daniel and other apocalypses, it was composed as resistance literature to meet a crisis. The book itself suggests that the crisis was ruthless persecution of the early church by the Roman authorities; the harlot Babylon symbolizes pagan Rome, the city on seven hills (Rev 17:9). The book is, then, an exhortation and admonition to Christians of the first century to stand firm in the faith and to avoid compromise with paganism, despite the threat of adversity and martyrdom; they are to await patiently the fulfillment of God’s mighty promises. The triumph of God in the world of men and women remains a mystery, to be accepted in faith and longed for in hope. It is a triumph that unfolded in the history of Jesus of Nazareth and continues to unfold in the history of the individual Christian who follows the way of the cross, even, if necessary, to a martyr’s death.

Though the perspective is eschatological—ultimate salvation and victory are said to take place at the end of the present age when Christ will come in glory at the parousia—the book presents the decisive struggle of Christ and his followers against Satan and his cohorts as already over. Christ’s overwhelming defeat of the kingdom of Satan ushered in the everlasting reign of God (Rev 11:15; 12:10). Even the forces of evil unwittingly carry out the divine plan (Rev 17:17), for God is the sovereign Lord of history.

The Book of Revelation had its origin in a time of crisis, but it remains valid and meaningful for Christians of all time. In the face of apparently insuperable evil, either from within or from without, all Christians are called to trust in Jesus’ promise, “Behold, I am with you always, until the end of the age” (Mt 28:20). Those who remain steadfast in their faith and confidence in the risen Lord need have no fear. Suffering, persecution, even death by martyrdom, though remaining impenetrable mysteries of evil, do not comprise an absurd dead end. No matter what adversity or sacrifice Christians may endure, they will in the end triumph over Satan and his forces because of their fidelity to Christ the victor. This is the enduring message of the book; it is a message of hope and consolation and challenge for all who dare to believe.

The author of the book calls himself John (Rev 1:1, 4, 9; 22:8), who because of his Christian faith has been exiled to the rocky island of Patmos, a Roman penal colony. Although he never claims to be John the apostle, whose name is attached to the fourth gospel, he was so identified by several of the early church Fathers, including Justin, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Cyprian, and Hippolytus. This identification, however, was denied by other Fathers, including Denis of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caesarea, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory Nazianzen, and John Chrysostom. Indeed, vocabulary, grammar, and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel. Nevertheless, there are definite linguistic and theological affinities between the two books. The tone of the letters to the seven churches (Rev 1:4–3:22) is indicative of the great authority the author enjoyed over the Christian communities in Asia. It is possible, therefore, that he was a disciple of John the apostle, who is traditionally associated with that part of the world. The date of the book in its present form is probably near the end of the reign of Domitian (A.D. 81–96), a fierce persecutor of the Christians.

The principal divisions of the Book of Revelation are the following:

Prologue (1:1–3)

Letters to the Churches of Asia (1:4–3:22)

God and the Lamb in Heaven (4:1–5:14)

The Seven Seals, Trumpets, and Plagues, with Interludes (6:1–16:21)

The Punishment of Babylon and the Destruction of Pagan Nations (17:1–20:15)

The New Creation (21:1–22:5)

Epilogue (22:6–21)

I. PROLOGUE*

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Also known as: Apocalypse of John, Book of Revelation, Revelation

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Also called:

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Revelation to John, last biblical book of the New Testament. It is the only book of the New Testament classified as apocalyptic literature rather than didactic or historical, indicating thereby its extensive use of visions, symbols, and allegory, especially in connection with future events. Revelation to John appears to be a collection of separate units composed by unknown authors who lived during the last quarter of the 1st century, though it purports to have been written by an individual named John—who calls himself “the servant” of Jesus—at Patmos, in the Aegean Sea. The text includes no indication that John of Patmos and St. John the Apostle are the same person.The book comprises two main parts, the first of which (chapters 2–3) contains moral admonitions (but no visions or symbolism) in individual letters addressed to the seven Christian churches of Asia Minor. In the second part (chapters 4–22:5), visions, allegories, and symbols (to a great extent unexplained) so pervade the text that exegetes necessarily differ in their interpretations. Many scholars, however, agree that Revelation is not simply an abstract spiritual allegory divorced from historical events, nor merely a prophecy concerning the final upheaval at the end of the world, couched in obscure language. Rather, it deals with a contemporary crisis of faith, probably brought on by Roman persecutions. Christians are consequently exhorted to remain steadfast in their faith and to hold firmly to the hope that God will ultimately be victorious over his (and their) enemies. Because such a view presents current problems in an eschatological context, the message of Revelation also becomes relevant to future generations of Christians who, Christ forewarned, would likewise suffer persecution. The victory of God over Satan and his Antichrist (in this case, the perseverance of Christians in the face of Roman persecution) typifies similar victories over evil in ages still to come and God’s final victory at the end of time.

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biblical literature: The Revelation to John

Although Christ is clearly the central figure of Revelation, an understanding of the text presupposes familiarity with Old Testament language and concepts, especially those taken from the books of Daniel and Ezekiel. The author uses the number seven, for example, in a symbolic sense to signify “totality” or “perfection.” References to “a thousand years” (chapter 20) have led some to expect that the final victory over evil will come after the completion of some millennium (see Millennialism). The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello.

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Prologue 1 The revelation from Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show his servants what must soon take place. He made it known by sending his angel to his servant John,

2

who testifies to everything he saw—that is, the word of God and the testimony of Jesus Christ.

3

Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear it and take to heart what is written in it, because the time is near.

Greetings and Doxology 4 John, To the seven churches in the province of Asia: Grace and peace to you from him who is, and who was, and who is to come, and from the seven spirits[a] before his throne,

5

and from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead, and the ruler of the kings of the earth. To him who loves us and has freed us from our sins by his blood,

6

and has made us to be a kingdom and priests to serve his God and Father—to him be glory and power for ever and ever! Amen.

7

“Look, he is coming with the clouds,”[b]and “every eye will see him, even those who pierced him”; and all peoples on earth “will mourn because of him.”[c]So shall it be! Amen.

8

“I am the Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God, “who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty.”

John’s Vision of Christ 9 I, John, your brother and companion in the suffering and kingdom and patient endurance that are ours in Jesus, was on the island of Patmos because of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus.

10

On the Lord’s Day I was in the Spirit, and I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet,

11

which said: “Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea.”

12

I turned around to see the voice that was speaking to me. And when I turned I saw seven golden lampstands,

13

and among the lampstands was someone like a son of man,[d] dressed in a robe reaching down to his feet and with a golden sash around his chest.

14

The hair on his head was white like wool, as white as snow, and his eyes were like blazing fire.

15

His feet were like bronze glowing in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of rushing waters.

16

In his right hand he held seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp, double-edged sword. His face was like the sun shining in all its brilliance.

17

When I saw him, I fell at his feet as though dead. Then he placed his right hand on me and said: “Do not be afraid. I am the First and the Last.

18

I am the Living One; I was dead, and now look, I am alive for ever and ever! And I hold the keys of death and Hades.

19

“Write, therefore, what you have seen, what is now and what will take place later.

20

The mystery of the seven stars that you saw in my right hand and of the seven golden lampstands is this: The seven stars are the angels[e] of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.

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Cross References 67

1.

John 12:49; John 17:8

2.

ver 19; Daniel 2:28,29; Revelation 22:6

3.

Revelation 22:16

4.

ver 4,9; Revelation 22:8

5.

ver 9; S Hebrews 4:12

6.

ver 9; 1 Corinthians 1:6; Revelation 6:9; Revelation 12:17; Revelation 19:10

7.

Luke 11:28; Revelation 22:7

8.

S Romans 13:11

9.

ver 11,20

10.

S Romans 1:7

11.

ver 8; Revelation 4:8; Revelation 11:17; Revelation 16:5

12.

Isaiah 11:2; Revelation 3:1; Revelation 4:5; Revelation 5:6

13.

Isaiah 55:4; John 18:37; Revelation 3:14

14.

Psalms 89:27; Colossians 1:18

15.

S 1 Timothy 6:15; Revelation 17:14

16.

S Romans 8:37

17.

S Romans 3:25

18.

S 1 Peter 2:5; Revelation 5:10; Revelation 20:6

19.

Romans 15:6

20.

S Romans 11:36

21.

Daniel 7:13; S Matthew 16:27; Matthew 24:30; Matthew 26:64; S Luke 17:30; S 1 Corinthians 1:7; S 1 Thessalonians 2:19; 1 Thessalonians 4:16,17

22.

John 19:34,37

23.

Zechariah 12:10; Matthew 24:30

24.

S ver 17; Revelation 21:6; Revelation 22:13

25.

S ver 4

26.

Revelation 4:8; Revelation 15:3; Revelation 19:6

27.

ver 1

28.

S Acts 14:22; 2 Corinthians 1:7; Philippians 4:14

29.

ver 6

30.

2 Timothy 2:12

31.

ver 2; S Hebrews 4:12

32.

S ver 2

33.

Acts 20:7

34.

Revelation 4:2; Revelation 17:3; Revelation 21:10

35.

Exodus 20:18; Revelation 4:1

36.

ver 19

37.

ver 4,20

38.

S Acts 18:19

39.

Revelation 2:8

40.

Revelation 2:12

41.

Acts 16:14; Revelation 2:18,24

42.

Revelation 3:1

43.

Revelation 3:7

44.

S Colossians 2:1; Revelation 3:14

45.

ver 20; Exodus 25:31-40; Zechariah 4:2; Revelation 2:1

46.

Revelation 2:1

47.

Ezekiel 1:26; Daniel 7:13; Daniel 10:16; Revelation 14:14

48.

Isaiah 6:1

49.

Daniel 10:5; Revelation 15:6

50.

Daniel 7:9; Daniel 10:6; Revelation 2:18; Revelation 19:12

51.

Ezekiel 1:7; Daniel 10:6; Revelation 2:18

52.

Ezekiel 43:2; Revelation 14:2; Revelation 19:6

53.

ver 20; Revelation 2:1; Revelation 3:1

54.

Isaiah 1:20; Isaiah 49:2; Hebrews 4:12; Revelation 2:12,16; Revelation 19:15,21

55.

Judges 5:31; Matthew 17:2

56.

Ezekiel 1:28; Daniel 8:17,18

57.

Daniel 8:18

58.

S Matthew 14:27

59.

Isaiah 41:4; Isaiah 44:6; Isaiah 48:12; Revelation 2:8; Revelation 22:13

60.

Romans 6:9; Revelation 2:8

61.

Deuteronomy 32:40; Daniel 4:34; Daniel 12:7; Revelation 4:9,10; Revelation 10:6; Revelation 15:7

62.

Revelation 9:1; Revelation 20:1

63.

ver 11; Habakkuk 2:2

64.

S ver 16

65.

S ver 12; Zechariah 4:2

66.

ver 4,11

67.

Matthew 5:14,15

Footnotes 5

[a].

That is, the sevenfold Spirit

[b].

Daniel 7:13

[c].

Zech. 12:10

[d].

See Daniel 7:13.

[e].

Or "messengers"

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